Emotion classification in Parkinson's disease by higher-order spectra and power spectrum features using EEG signals: A comparative study

Deficits in the ability to process emotions characterize several neuropsychiatric disorders and are traits of Parkinson's disease (PD), and there is need for a method of quantifying emotion, which is currently performed by clinical diagnosis. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, being an activity of central nervous system (CNS), can reflect the underlying true emotional state of a person. This study applied machine-learning algorithms to categorize EEG emotional states in PD patients that would classify six basic emotions (happiness and sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust) in comparison with healthy controls (HC). Emotional EEG data were recorded from 20 PD patients and 20 healthy age-, education level- and sex-matched controls using multimodal (audio-visual) stimuli. The use of nonlinear features motivated by the higher-order spectra (HOS) has been reported to be a promising approach to classify the emotional states. In this work, we made the comparative study of the performance of k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers using the features derived from HOS and from the power spectrum. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that power spectrum and HOS based features were statistically significant among the six emotional states (p < 0.0001). Classification results shows that using the selected HOS based features instead of power spectrum based features provided comparatively better accuracy for all the six classes with an overall accuracy of 70.10% ± 2.83% and 77.29% ± 1.73% for PD patients and HC in beta (13-30 Hz) band using SVM classifier. Besides, PD patients achieved less accuracy in the processing of negative emotions (sadness, fear, anger and disgust) than in processing of positive emotions (happiness, surprise) compared with HC. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of applying machine learning techniques to the classification of emotional states in PD patients in a user independent manner using EEG signals. The accuracy of the system can be improved by investigating the other HOS based features. This study might lead to a practical system for noninvasive assessment of the emotional impairments associated with neurological disorders

Photo-inhibition Effect from Strong Electron Withdrawing Nitro Group in N-[(E)(4-Bromophenyl)Methylidene]-4 Nitroaniline

Light induced effect of N-[(E)-(4-bromophenyl)methylidene]-4nitroaniline was investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. This study revealed that the presence of strong electron withdrawing nitro group inhibited the photo-reactivity of the compound. Mainly, molecular structure and functional groups have tremendous influence on chromophoric compounds. The photoisomerization effect was not found in this compound, due to the photo-inhibition of nitro group present in the molecular system

Synthesis of New Liquid Crystals Embedded Gold Nanoparticles for Photoswitching Properties

A new series of liquid crystals decorated gold nanoparticles is synthesized whose molecular architecture has azobenzenes moieties as the peripheral units connected to gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) via alkyl groups. The morphology and mesomorphic properties were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. The thiolated ligand molecules (3a–c) showed enantiotropic smectic A phase, whereas gold nanoparticles (5a–c) exhibit nematic and smectic A phase with monotropic nature. HR-TEM measurement showed that the functionalized Au NPs are of the average size of 2 nm and they are well dispersed without any aggregation. The trans-form of azo compounds showed a strong band in the UV region at ∼378 nm for the π-π∗ transition, and a weak band in the visible region at ∼472 nm due to the n-π∗ transition. These molecules exhibit attractive photoisomerization behaviour in which trans-cis transition takes about 15 s whereas the cis-trans transition requires about 45 min for compound 5c. The extent of reversible isomerization did not decay after 10 cycles, which proved that the photo-responsive properties of 5c were stable and repeatable. Therefore, these materials may be suitably exploited in the field of molecular switches and the optical storage devices

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-2-oxospiro[indoline-3,2′-oxirane]-3′-carboxylate

Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr Babu Vargheese, SAIF, IIT, Madras, India, for the data collection.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Detection of emotions in Parkinson's disease using higher order spectral features from brain's electrical activity

Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) involving cognition and emotion have been progressively receiving more attention in recent times. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, being an activity of central nervous system, can reflect the underlying true emotional state of a person. This paper presents a computational framework for classifying PD patients compared to healthy controls (HC) using emotional information from the brain's electrical activity

Inter-hemispheric EEG coherence analysis in Parkinson's disease : Assessing brain activity during emotion processing

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not only characterized by its prominent motor symptoms but also associated with disturbances in cognitive and emotional functioning. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of emotion processing on inter-hemispheric electroencephalography (EEG) coherence in PD. Multimodal emotional stimuli (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust) were presented to 20 PD patients and 30 age-, education level-, and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) while EEG was recorded. Inter-hemispheric coherence was computed from seven homologous EEG electrode pairs (AF3–AF4, F7–F8, F3–F4, FC5–FC6, T7–T8, P7–P8, and O1–O2) for delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. In addition, subjective ratings were obtained for a representative of emotional stimuli. Interhemispherically, PD patients showed significantly lower coherence in theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands than HC during emotion processing. No significant changes were found in the delta frequency band coherence. We also found that PD patients were more impaired in recognizing negative emotions (sadness, fear, anger, and disgust) than relatively positive emotions (happiness and surprise). Behaviorally, PD patients did not show impairment in emotion recognition as measured by subjective ratings. These findings suggest that PD patients may have an impairment of inter-hemispheric functional connectivity (i.e., a decline in cortical connectivity) during emotion processing. This study may increase the awareness of EEG emotional response studies in clinical practice to uncover potential neurophysiologic abnormalities

Substrate integrated circuits for high frequency of opto electronics

Another age of high-recurrence coordinated circuits is displayed, which is called substrate incorporated circuits (SICS). The current cutting edge of circuit plan and implementation stages dependent on this new idea are assessed and discussed in detail. Various potential outcomes and various favorable circumstances of the SICS are appeared for microwave, millimeter-wave and opto hardware applications. Down to earth models are delineated with hypothetical and trial results for substrate coordinated waveguide (SIW), substrate incorporated chunk waveguide (SISW) and substrate incorporated non-transmitting dielectric (SI") direct circuits. Future innovative work patterns are likewise dis-cussed regarding ease imaginative plan of millimeter-wave and optoelectronic coordinated circuits