Propriedade Intelectual e Noções de Vida: Relações, Condições de Possibilidade e Desafios

Las potentes tecnologías del siglo XXI marcan una dirección tecnológica singular no sólo por las transformaciones productivas y sociales que generan, sino también por ser parte de un proyecto de intereses dominantes sobre la naturaleza y la existencia humana. En este trabajo nos centraremos en el interrogante acerca de las formas y modalidades presentes en diferentes épocas respecto a la protección de los conocimientos y su vínculo con la conceptualización de lo viviente, enlazando el desarrollo de la ciencia con distintas formas de protección legal de las invenciones. Nuestra hipótesis general es que hubo una estrecha relación entre las conceptualizaciones de la vida y los modos de sus privatizaciones desde el siglo XV de las distintas épocas históricas de Occidente. En este trabajo son caracterizados los vínculos entre los sistemas de propiedad intelectual y las conceptualizaciones de lo viviente en tres “momentos” diferentes: fines del Medioevo y comienzos del Renacimiento, el contexto de la revolución industrial y los siglos XX y XXI, indagando dicho vínculo tanto para el caso del patentamiento de los organismos vivos en general como para el caso de los organismos genéticamente modificados (OGM) en particular.As robustas tecnologias do século XXI apontam numa direção tecnológica singular não só pelas transformações produtivas e sociais que elas geram, mas também por fazerem parte de um projeto de interesses dominantes sobre a natureza e a existência humana. Em particular, neste trabalho vamos focar a questão sobre as formas e modalidades presentes em diferentes épocas a respeito da proteção dos conhecimentos e sua relação com a conceitualização do vivente, enlaçando o desenvolvimento da ciência com diversas formas de proteção legal das invenções. Nossa hipótese geral é que houve uma estreita relação entre as conceitualizações da vida e os modos de suas privatizações desde o século XV, no decorrer das diferentes épocas históricas de Ocidente. Assim, neste trabalho, são caracterizados os vínculos entre os sistemas de propriedade intelectual e as conceitualizações do vivente em três “momentos” diferentes: finais da Idade Média e inícios do Renascimento, o contexto da revolução industrial e os séculos XX e XXI, indagando esse vínculo tanto para o caso do patentamento dos organismos vivos em geral quanto, em particular, para o caso dos organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM).The powerful technologies of the 21st century set a special technological direction not only because of the productive and social transformations they generate, but also for being part of a project of dominant interests about nature and human existence. This paper focuses on the question raised around the ways and methods regarding the protection of knowledge and the link with the conceptualization of the living, connecting the development of science with different ways to provide a legal protection to inventions, throughout the different historical periods. Our general hypothesis is that there was a strong relation between the conceptualizations of life and the ways they were privatized from the 15th century onwards in the Western world. Therefore, this paper characterizes the links between intellectual property systems and the conceptualizations of the living during three different “moments”: the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance, within the context of the Industrial Revolution, and the 20th and 21st centuries, considering said link for both, the patenting of living organisms in general and the case of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in particular.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Nitrous oxide cycling in the Arabian Sea

Depth profiles of dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured in the central and western Arabian Sea during four cruises in May and July–August 1995 and May–July 1997 as part of the German contribution to the Arabian Sea Process Study of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. The vertical distribution of N2O in the water column on a transect along 65°E showed a characteristic double-peak structure, indicating production of N2O associated with steep oxygen gradients at the top and bottom of the oxygen minimum zone. We propose a general scheme consisting of four ocean compartments to explain the N2O cycling as a result of nitrification and denitrification processes in the water column of the Arabian Sea. We observed a seasonal N2O accumulation at 600–800 m near the shelf break in the western Arabian Sea. We propose that, in the western Arabian Sea, N2O might also be formed during bacterial oxidation of organic matter by the reduction of IO3 − to I−, indicating that the biogeochemical cycling of N2O in the Arabian Sea during the SW monsoon might be more complex than previously thought. A compilation of sources and sinks of N2O in the Arabian Sea suggested that the N2O budget is reasonably balanced

A Harmonized Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Ocean Observation Network for the 21st Century

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important atmospheric trace gas involved in tropospheric warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. Estimates of the global ocean contribution to N2O emissions average 21% (range: 10 to 53%). Ongoing environmental changes such as warming, deoxygenation and acidification are affecting oceanic N2O cycling and emissions to the atmosphere. International activities over the last decades aimed at improving estimates of global N2O emissions, including (i) the MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide database (MEMENTO) for archiving of quality-controlled data, and (ii) a recent large-scale inter-laboratory comparison by Working Group 143 of the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR). To reduce uncertainties in oceanic N2O emission estimates and to characterize the spatial and temporal variability in N2O distributions in a changing ocean, we propose the establishment of a harmonized N2O Observation Network (N2O-ON) combining discrete and continuous data from various platforms. The network will integrate observations obtained by calibrated techniques, using time series measurements at fixed stations and repeated hydrographic sections on voluntary observing ships and research vessels. In addition to exploiting existing oceanographic infrastructure, we propose the establishment of central calibration facilities in selected international laboratories to improve accuracy, and ensure standardization and comparability of N2O measurements. Final data products will include a harmonized global N2O concentration and emission fields for use in model validation and projections of future oceanic N2O emissions, to inform the global research community and policy makers

Una aproximación al marco legal pertinente a los productos de la biotecnología agropecuaria

Fil: Díaz Rönner, Lucila. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Agrario