Las Significaciones otorgadas por educadoras de trato directo, sobre sus prácticas laborales realizadas en Centros Residenciales Colaboradores del Servicio Nacional de Menores, en Chile

Tesis (Trabajo Social)La investigación se centrará en los significados que las Educadoras de Trato Directo (ETD) les otorgan a sus prácticas laborales realizadas en centros residenciales colaboradores del Servicio Nacional de Menores de la Quinta Región. Es por esto, que se debe tener en consideración que las ETD desempeñan sus labores con infancia en un contexto de vulnerabilidad. Por tanto, el problema principal es la invisibilización hacia sus prácticas laborales lo cual será analizado desde la teoría general del Interaccionismo Simbólico incorporando tres dimensiones principales: Trabajo de Cuidado, Organizacional y Afectivo - Emocional. Para lo cual se utilizará una metodología desde un enfoque epistemológico de carácter cualitativo direccionada desde la teoría fundamentada, con una técnica de recolección de información a través de una entrevista en profundidad, para luego analizar los resultados mediante el análisis del discurso

Magnetoliposomas multifuncionales como vehículos de administración de fármacos para el tratamiento potencial de la enfermedad de Parkinson

La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es el segundo trastorno neurodegenerativo más frecuente después de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Por ello, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y estrategias para tratarla es una prioridad sanitaria mundial. Los tratamientos actuales incluyen la administración de levodopa, inhibidores de la monoaminooxidasa, inhibidores de la catecol-O-metiltransferasa y fármacos anticolinérgicos. Sin embargo, la liberación efectiva de estas moléculas, debido a la limitada biodisponibilidad, es un reto importante para el tratamiento de la EP. Como estrategia para resolver este desafío, en este estudio desarrollamos un novedoso sistema de liberación de fármacos multifuncional magnético y sensible a estímulos redox, basado en nanopartículas de magnetita funcionalizadas con la proteína translocadora de alto rendimiento OmpA y encapsuladas en liposomas de lecitina de soja. Los magnetoliposomas multifuncionales (MLP) obtenidos se ensayaron en neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, astrocitos primarios humanos y de rata, células endoteliales de rata de barrera hematoencefálica, células endoteliales microvasculares primarias de ratón y en un modelo celular inducido por EP. Los MLP demostraron un excelente rendimiento en ensayos de biocompatibilidad, incluyendo hemocompatibilidad (porcentajes de hemólisis por debajo del 1%), agregación plaquetaria, citocompatibilidad (viabilidad celular por encima del 80% en todas las líneas celulares probadas), potencial de membrana mitocondrial (alteraciones no observadas) y producción intracelular de ROS (impacto insignificante en comparación con los controles). Además, las nanovehículas mostraron una aceptable internalización celular (área cubierta cercana al 100% a los 30 min y a las 4 h) y capacidad de escape endosomal (disminución significativa de la colocalización lisosomal tras 4 h de exposición). Además, se emplearon simulaciones de dinámica molecular para comprender mejor el mecanismo de translocación subyacente de la proteína OmpA, mostrando hallazgos clave relativos a interacciones específicas con fosfolípidos. En general, la versatilidad y el notable rendimiento in vitro de este novedoso nanovehículo lo convierten en una tecnología de administración de fármacos adecuada y prometedora para el tratamiento potencial de la EP.Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, development of novel technologies and strategies to treat PD is a global health priority. Current treatments include administration of Levodopa, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, and anticholinergic drugs. However, the effective release of these molecules, due to the limited bioavailability, is a major challenge for the treatment of PD. As a strategy to solve this challenge, in this study we developed a novel multifunctional magnetic and redox-stimuli responsive drug delivery system, based on the magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with the high-performance translocating protein OmpA and encapsulated into soy lecithin liposomes. The obtained multifunctional magnetoliposomes (MLPs) were tested in neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, primary human and rat astrocytes, blood brain barrier rat endothelial cells, primary mouse microvascular endothelial cells, and in a PD-induced cellular model. MLPs demonstrated excellent performance in biocompatibility assays, including hemocompatibility (hemolysis percentages below 1%), platelet aggregation, cytocompatibility (cell viability above 80% in all tested cell lines), mitochondrial membrane potential (non-observed alterations) and intracellular ROS production (negligible impact compared to controls). Additionally, the nanovehicles showed acceptable cell internalization (covered area close to 100% at 30 min and 4 h) and endosomal escape abilities (significant decrease in lysosomal colocalization after 4 h of exposure). Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to better understand the underlying translocating mechanism of the OmpA protein, showing key findings regarding specific interactions with phospholipids. Overall, the versatility and the notable in vitro performance of this novel nanovehicle make it a suitable and promising drug delivery technology for the potential treatment of PD

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are positively associated with risk of developing metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly adults

© 2015, Copyright the Authors Journal compilation © 2015, The American Geriatrics Society. Objectives To evaluate how glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its features in middle-aged and elderly adults at high cardiovascular risk. Design Prospective, longitudinal, population-based cohort. Setting PREvenciõn con DIeta MEDiterránea study. Participants Men and women (N = 6,606) divided into three age groups (<65, 65-74, ≥75). Measurements Energy and nutrient intake was evaluated using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. MetS and its features were defined in accordance with the criteria of the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Results A positive association was observed between GI and MetS prevalence in the youngest and middle age groups for participants without diabetes mellitus, but no relationship was found for those with diabetes mellitus. During the median follow-up of 4.8 years, higher GI and GL were related to greater risk of MetS in the middle age group, independent of the presence of diabetes mellitus. Changes in dietary GI were associated with risk of developing the high fasting glucose component of the MetS in the oldest age category, and changes in dietary GL were associated with risk of developing abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high blood pressure in the youngest age category. Conclusion Dietary GI and GL have a potential role in the development of MetS and associated clinical features, with particular age-dependent considerations.Funded by: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares. Grant Number: 06/2007; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria PI. Grant Number: 07/0473; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Grant Numbers: AGL-2009–13906-C02, AGL2010–22319-C03; Ministerio de Sanidad-Plan Nacional de Drogas. Grant Number: 2010/087; Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias. Grant Number: PI1002658 Fundación Mapfre 2010 Government of the Basque Country. Grant Number: IT386–10 University of the Basque Country. Grant Number: UFI 11/32 Catalan government Miguel Servet. Grant Number: 06/00100Peer Reviewe

Riesgos y oportunidades asociados a la conservación de los polinizadores y a la gestión de los servicios de polinización en América Latina

Se realizó una revisión sobre el estado de conservación de los polinizadores y la polinización en América Latina (LA). Se presentan pautas para mejorar las oportunidades de conservación, considerando las amenazas a los polinizadores y las perspectivas desde el conocimiento tradicional y local. El análisis indica que diversas amenazas (e.g., agricultura a gran escala, deforestación, uso excesivo de agroquímicos) están vinculadas con la disminución de polinizadores, afectando la reproducción de las plantas nativas y los rendimientos de muchos cultivos. LA alberga la mayor diversidad de abejas en todo el mundo y una gran diversidad de polinizadores vertebrados (e.g., colibríes, aves de percha nectarívoras, murciélagos nectarívoros y otros mamíferos). Se proporcionan recomendaciones para proteger los polinizadores nativos y mejorar los servicios de polinización, las que podrían ser consideradas por los tomadores de decisiones y así promover la conservación biocultural. Por ejemplo, desarrollar instrumentos legales, políticas e incentivos para ayudar a los agricultores a mantener los hábitats naturales, para reemplazar o reducir el uso de agroquímicos y para promover las prácticas agroecológicas; perfeccionar las reglamentaciones sobre aplicación de agroquímicos para minimizar la exposición de los polinizadores a insecticidas y herbicidas; mejorar la comunicación pública del conocimiento sobre los polinizadores y la polinización para incentivar un cambio en las prácticas agrícolas hegemónicas y los patrones de consumo actuales; considerar otras éticas ambientales de las minorías étnicas para enfatizar la necesidad de promover una relación sostenible entre producción de alimentos y biodiversidad. Se necesita urgentemente una visión más amplia que combine las dimensiones sociales, ecológicas y culturales para una mejor toma de decisiones. Esta perspectiva socio-agroecológica holística es importante para conservar y gestionar los polinizadores a diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales, y para poder integrar los servicios de polinización con enfoques de gestión del territorio favorables a los polinizadores y con sistemas agrícolas diversificados.The conservation status of pollinators and pollination in Latin America (LA) is reviewed. The knowledge regarding native and managed pollinators (e.g., honeybee and stingless bees) and pollination services was synthetized, and the guidelines to improve the opportunities for conservation are provided, considering the threats to pollinators and the perspectives from traditional and local knowledge. The analysis indicates that diverse threats (e.g., large-scale agriculture, deforestation, overuse of agrochemicals) are linked with pollination and pollinator decline, which affect the reproduction of most native plants and the yields of many crops. LA harbours the highest bee diversity worldwide, with 26% of the total recorded species, and it is a biodiversity hotspot of vertebrate pollinators, including hummingbirds, perching birds, nectarivorous bats and other mammal pollinators. Specific recommendations to conserve native pollinators and to improve pollination services are provided, which could be considered by stakeholders and governments aiming to elaborate biocultural conservation. For example, introducing policies and legal responses for incentives to help farmers maintain natural habitats and forests, to replace or reduce agrochemicals and to improve diversified crop production with agroecological practices; refining agrochemical regulations to minimize the exposure of pollinators to insecticides and herbicides; improving knowledge and education on pollinators and pollination gives societies worldwide the opportunity to change current hegemonic agricultural practices and consumption patterns; integrating different land ethical views of ethnic minorities on a sustainable relationship between production and biodiversity. A wider view combining social, ecological, cultural dimensions may support better decision making. This holistic socio-agroecological perspective is urgently needed to conserve and manage pollinators at different spatial and temporal scales, and to integrate pollination services, pollinator-friendly habitat management approaches and diversified farming systems.Fil: Galetto, Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV)Fil: Aizen, Marcelo Adrian. Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA)Fil: del Coro Arizmendi, María. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, MéxicoFil: Magalhães Freitas, Breno. Universidade Federal do Ceará - Departamento de Zootecnia - Setor de Abelhas, Fortaleza, BrazilFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro - CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD)Fil: Giannini, Tereza Cristina. Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel, Belem, BrazilFil: Lopes, Ariadna Valentina. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Departamento de Botánica, Recife, BrazilFil: Espírito Santo, Maria do. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros - Departamento de Biologia Geral (CCBS), MG, BrasilFil: Nates Parra, Guiomar. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, ColombiaFil: Motta Maués, Márcia. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental - Laboratório de Entomologia, Belém, Pará, BrazilFil: Rodríguez, Jaime I.. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Bolivia, La Paz, BoliviaFil: Quezada Euán, José Javier Guadalupe. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán - Departamento de Apicultura Tropical, Mérida, México (FMVZ)Fil: Viana, Blandina Felipe. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, BrazilFil: Imperatriz Fonseca, Vera Lucia. Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel, Belem, Para, BrazilFil: Vandame, Rémy. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Méxic

Glycemic index, glycemic load and invasive breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women: The PREDIMED study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prospective associations between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and the risk for invasive breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women at high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study was conducted within the framework of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) study, a nutritional intervention trial for primary cardiovascular prevention. We included 4010 women aged between 60 and 80 years who were initially free from breast cancer but at high risk for CVD disease. Dietary information was collected using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. We assigned GI values using the International Tables of GI and GL values. Cases were ascertained through yearly consultation of medical records and through consultation of the National Death Index. Only cases confirmed by results from cytology tests or histological evaluation were included. We estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for invasive breast cancer risk across tertiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI/GL using Cox regression models. We repeated our analyses using yearly repeated measures of GI/GL intakes. No associations were found between baseline dietary GI/GL and invasive breast cancer incidence. The multivariable hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the top tertile of dietary GI was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.42–2.46) and for dietary GL was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.44–2.30) when compared with the bottom tertile. Repeated-measures analyses yielded similar results. In sensitivity analyses, no significant associations were observed for women with obesity or diabetes. Dietary GI and GL did not appear to be associated with an increased risk for invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high CVD risk

A high dietary glycemic index increases total mortality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk

OBJECTIVE: Different types of carbohydrates have diverse glycemic response, thus glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are used to assess this variation. The impact of dietary GI and GL in all-cause mortality is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between dietary GI and GL and risk of all-cause mortality in the PREDIMED study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PREDIMED study is a randomized nutritional intervention trial for primary cardiovascular prevention based on community-dwelling men and women at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Dietary information was collected at baseline and yearly using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We assigned GI values of each item by a 5-step methodology, using the International Tables of GI and GL Values. Deaths were ascertained through contact with families and general practitioners, review of medical records and consultation of the National Death Index. Cox regression models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% CI for mortality, according to quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI/GL. To assess repeated measures of exposure, we updated GI and GL intakes from the yearly FFQs and used Cox models with time-dependent exposures. RESULTS: We followed 3,583 non-diabetic subjects (4.7 years of follow-up, 123 deaths). As compared to participants in the lowest quartile of baseline dietary GI, those in the highest quartile showed an increased risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 2.15 (95% CI: 1.15-4.04); P for trend  = 0.012]. In the repeated-measures analyses using as exposure the yearly updated information on GI, we observed a similar association. Dietary GL was associated with all-cause mortality only when subjects were younger than 75 years. CONCLUSIONS: High dietary GI was positively associated with all-cause mortality in elderly population at high cardiovascular risk

A high dietary glycemic index increases total mortality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk

Objective: Different types of carbohydrates have diverse glycemic response, thus glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are used to assess this variation. The impact of dietary GI and GL in all-cause mortality is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between dietary GI and GL and risk of all-cause mortality in the PREDIMED study. Material and Methods: The PREDIMED study is a randomized nutritional intervention trial for primary cardiovascular prevention based on community-dwelling men and women at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Dietary information was collected at baseline and yearly using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We assigned GI values of each item by a 5-step methodology, using the International Tables of GI and GL Values. Deaths were ascertained through contact with families and general practitioners, review of medical records and consultation of the National Death Index. Cox regression models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% CI for mortality, according to quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI/GL. To assess repeated measures of exposure, we updated GI and GL intakes from the yearly FFQs and used Cox models with time-dependent exposures. Results: We followed 3,583 non-diabetic subjects (4.7 years of follow-up, 123 deaths). As compared to participants in the lowest quartile of baseline dietary GI, those in the highest quartile showed an increased risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 2.15 (95% CI: 1.15–4.04); P for trend = 0.012]. In the repeated-measures analyses using as exposure the yearly updated information on GI, we observed a similar association. Dietary GL was associated with all-causemortality only when subjects were younger than 75 years. Conclusions: High dietary GI was positively associated with all-cause mortality in elderly population at high cardiovascular risk

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

BACKGROUND: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration. METHODS: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets. FINDINGS: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990. INTERPRETATION: Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Riociguat treatment in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Final safety data from the EXPERT registry

Objective: The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat is approved for the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and inoperable or persistent/recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) following Phase