Sex bias in biopsy samples collected from free-ranging dolphins

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in European Journal of Wildlife Research 56 (2010): 151-158, doi:10.1007/s10344-009-0299-7.Biological samples of free-ranging dolphins are increasingly used to gain information on population structure and ecology. In small cetaceans, the gender of individuals usually cannot be determined at sea, and population sex ratio has to be inferred indirectly. We used molecular sexing to determine the gender of 340 biopsy samples of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, and common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, collected around the Azores and Madeira. Sex ratio was globally skewed in favor of males, and differed between species and archipelagos. Skew was probably influenced by the selectivity of biopsy collectors and seasonal or year-round predominance of males in natural populations. Skew was also influenced by sampling duration and intensity. In the Azores, when several samples were successively collected within the same group, the proportion of female samples decreased as a function of sample order. This trend indicated a tendency for females to increasingly avoid the boat while samples were being collected. It showed that males and females reacted differently to the perturbation caused by the biopsy sampling process (i.e. sample collection and driving style).Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the FEDER program for funding the CETAMARH (POCTI/BSE/38991/01) and the GOLFINICHO (POCI/BIA-BDE/61009/2004) projects, S.Q.'s post-doctoral grants (IMAR/FCT- PDOC-006/2001-MoleGen and SFRH/BPD/19680/2004), M.A.S.'s doctoral (SFRH/BD/8609/2002) and post-doctoral (SFRH/BPD/29841/2006) grants, S.M.'s investigation assistant grant (CETAMARHII/POCTI/BSE/38991/2001) and I.C.'s investigation assistant grants (IMAR/FCT/GOLFINICHO/001/2005 and IMAR/FCT/GOLFINICHO/004/2006). FCT for its pluri-annual funding to Research Unit #531 and the EU funded program Interreg IIIb for funding the MACETUS project (MAC/4.2/M10) as well as R.P. and S.M.’s grants (IMAR/INTERREGIIIb/MACETUS/MAC1/2)

Population structure of island-associated dolphins: evidence from photo-identification of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the main Hawaiian Islands

Management agencies often use geopolitical boundaries as proxies for biological boundaries. In Hawaiian waters a single stock is recognized of common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, a species that is found both in open water and near-shore among the main Hawaiian Islands. To assess population structure, we photo-identified 336 distinctive individuals from the main Hawaiian Islands, from 2000 to 2006. Their generally shallow-water distribution, and numerous within-year and between-year resightings within island areas suggest that individuals are resident to the islands, rather than part of an offshore population moving through the area. Comparisons of identifications obtained from Kaua‘i/Ni‘ihau, O‘ahu, the “4-island area,” and the island of Hawai‘i showed no evidence of movements among these island groups, although movements from Kaua‘i to Ni‘ihau and among the “4-islands” were documented. A Bayesian analysis examining the probability of missing movements among island groups, given our sample sizes for different areas, indicates that interisland movement rates are less than 1% per year with 95% probability. Our results suggest the existence of multiple demographically independent populations of island-associated common bottlenose dolphins around the main Hawaiian islands

Drivers of population structure of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

The drivers of population differentiation in oceanic high dispersal organisms, have been crucial for research in evolutionary biology. Adaptation to different environments is commonly invoked as a driver of differentiation in the oceans, in alternative to geographic isolation. In this study, we investigate the population structure and phylogeography of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Mediterranean Sea, using microsatellite loci and the entire mtDNA control region. By further comparing the Mediterranean populations with the well described Atlantic populations, we addressed the following hypotheses: (1) bottlenose dolphins show population structure within the environmentally complex Eastern Mediterranean Sea; (2) population structure was gained locally or otherwise results from chance distribution of preexisting genetic structure; (3) strong demographic variations within the Mediterranean basin have affected genetic variation sufficiently to bias detected patterns of population structure. Our results suggest that bottlenose dolphin exhibits population structures that correspond well to the main Mediterranean oceanographic basins. Furthermore, we found evidence for fine scale population division within the Adriatic and the Levantine seas. We further describe for the first time, a distinction between populations inhabiting pelagic and coastal regions within the Mediterranean. Phylogeographic analysis suggests that current genetic structure, results mostly from stochastic distribution of Atlantic genetic variation, during a recent postglacial expansion. Comparison with Atlantic mtDNA haplotypes, further suggest the existence of a metapopulation across North Atlantic/Mediterranean, with pelagic regions acting as source for coastal environments

Assessment of Three Mitochondrial Genes (16S, Cytb, CO1) for Identifying Species in the Praomyini Tribe (Rodentia: Muridae)

The Praomyini tribe is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of Old World rodents. Several species are known to be involved in crop damage and in the epidemiology of several human and cattle diseases. Due to the existence of sibling species their identification is often problematic. Thus an easy, fast and accurate species identification tool is needed for non-systematicians to correctly identify Praomyini species. In this study we compare the usefulness of three genes (16S, Cytb, CO1) for identifying species of this tribe. A total of 426 specimens representing 40 species (sampled across their geographical range) were sequenced for the three genes. Nearly all of the species included in our study are monophyletic in the neighbour joining trees. The degree of intra-specific variability tends to be lower than the divergence between species, but no barcoding gap is detected. The success rate of the statistical methods of species identification is excellent (up to 99% or 100% for statistical supervised classification methods as the k-Nearest Neighbour or Random Forest). The 16S gene is 2.5 less variable than the Cytb and CO1 genes. As a result its discriminatory power is smaller. To sum up, our results suggest that using DNA markers for identifying species in the Praomyini tribe is a largely valid approach, and that the CO1 and Cytb genes are better DNA markers than the 16S gene. Our results confirm the usefulness of statistical methods such as the Random Forest and the 1-NN methods to assign a sequence to a species, even when the number of species is relatively large. Based on our NJ trees and the distribution of all intraspecific and interspecific pairwise nucleotide distances, we highlight the presence of several potentially new species within the Praomyini tribe that should be subject to corroboration assessments

Intérêts et limites de l'approche moléculaire pour aborder la biogéographie et la spéciation : l'exemple de quelques Mammifères d'Afrique tropicale

Among the sciences which study the patterns of diversification and distribution of organisms in space and time, biogeography investigates the history of biota based on organism distributions, and phylogeography focuses on one taxa at the time. Biogeographic studies carried out in tropical areas have led to a series of evolutionary hypotheses about faunal diversification and speciation, such as the refuge, the riverine barrier, and the environmental gradient theories. In the present work, we attempt to test these hypotheses by applying the molecular approach to selected mammalian taxa (Insectivora, Rodentia, and Primates) from tropical Africa. We try to estimate the interests and limits of mitochondrial DNA sequencing, the most widely used molecular technique in evolutionary biology, for addressing questions about faunal evolution.First, we constructed a molecular phylogeny of taxa we intended to use for phylogeographic studies, in order to ascertain their monophyly and calibrate a molecular clock for divergence time estimates. Second, we analysed and compared the phylogeographic patterns of four forest-dwelling small mammal species and one primate super-species. Third, we evaluated the evolutionary processes involved in the speciation of cercopithecine primates, by testing their geographic mode of speciation and reconstructing evolutionary scenarios for some life-history traits.The comparison of our molecular-based phylogenies with other sources of information confirms that gene history is not necessarily the same as organism history. Thus, mitochondrial DNA should be studied in combination with other independent data, such as nuclear genes, morphology, ecology and behaviour. The acquisition of reliable phylogenies is a pre-requisite for the study of speciation. In the case of the Cercopithecini, our results suggest that speciation has been predominantly allopatric and driven by Miocene and Pliocene vicariance events. The obtained phylogeographic patterns consistently suggest a role of Pliocene and Pleistocene vicariance events in the intra-specific diversification of small mammals. All phylogeographic patterns are different, which may be explained by differences in initial geographic and temporal conditions, or by different responses to the same events. However, there is a certain degree of consistency between these patterns and the faunal areas defined for the central African forest. The examination of additional taxa could potentially unveil a general picture despite individual differences.Parmi les approches qui visent à déterminer la façon dont les organismes se diversifient dans le temps et dans l'espace, la biogéographie tente de reconstruire l'histoire des peuplements à partir des distributions des taxons, tandis que la phylogéographie analyse l'évolution d'une lignée à la fois. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes proposés de tester les hypothèses biogéographiques formulées pour la faune tropicale (théorie des refuges, des barrières fluviales, des gradients environnementaux...), en appliquant l'approche moléculaire à quelques taxons de Mammifères africains (Insectivores, Rongeurs, Primates). Nous avons cherché à déterminer l'apport et les limites de la technique moléculaire la plus couramment employée en biologie évolutive : le séquençage d'ADN mitochondrial. Nous avons d'abord tenté d'obtenir une phylogénie moléculaire de quelques taxons potentiellement intéressants pour la biogéographie, dans le but de vérifier leur monophylie et de calibrer une horloge moléculaire. Puis, nous avons recherché et comparé les schémas phylogéographiques de quatre espèces de petits mammifères forestiers et d'une super-espèce de primates. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux processus évolutifs impliqués dans la spéciation. Nous avons évalué le mode géographique de spéciation et l'évolution de quelques traits d'histoire de vie chez les primates de la tribu des Cercopithecini. Nos résultats phylogénétiques confirment que l'histoire des gènes n'est pas forcément celle des taxons et qu'il est important de prendre en compte plusieurs sources d'information indépendantes, telles que des gènes non liés sur la même molécule, la morphologie, l'écologie, et le comportement. L'étude des modalités de la spéciation, qui est tributaire de la fiabilité des analyses phylogénétiques, indique une prédominance de l'allopatrie et des événements de vicariance du Miocène et du Pliocène chez les Cercopithecini. Enfin, les analyses phylogéographiques ont révélé quatre scénarios phylogéographiques différents pour les quatre modèles retenus, ce qui peut refléter soit des distributions initiales différentes, soit une réponse différentielle aux mêmes événements selon les taxons. Ces scénarios présentent une certaine concordance avec les régions fauniques définies pour les forêts d'Afrique centrale, mais suggèrent que les événements de divergence intra-spécifique remonteraient au Plio-Pleistocène et seraient donc beaucoup plus anciens que les derniers épisodes de fragmentation de la forêt liés aux cycles glaciaires

Social influence on feeding behaviour development in young cercopithecines

WOS:000078060700015International audience[No abstract

Feeding behaviour development in young cercopithecines

WOS:000078060700016International audience[No abstract