The usage of amount, quantity and body in a corpus of biology

Grammars and dictionaries usually offer relevant and accurate information to students of a second language. However, the meaning of a textual element is often dynamic and that information is not always based on real usage patterns. New occurrences on the object level in new contexts can introduce novel semantic potentials, so that existing interpretations may be superseded by new ones. Concordancing has been shown to be one of the most important tools to facilitate the understanding of the usage patterns of a language. In this paper we examine the differences between amount, quantity and body as terms expressing magnitude, sum and size in a corpus of Biology. According to some popular dictionaries and grammars, the terms amount and quantity have always been considered synonymous terms for expressing magnitude, size and sum. We demonstrate that, according to our records, they cannot be always used as synonymous terms since they have different patterns of usage. On the other hand there are other forms, such as body, that appear in our Corpus, implying magnitude, size and sum, that are not usually described as having such meanings in dictionaries

The Potential of Literary Texts in the Language Classroom: The Study of Linguistic Functions

Communication in a second language is a type of achievement which requires a very functional use of the language, resulting in the students’ability to express needs, desires, feelings and attitudes. Both oral and written communication should be immediate and onging from the point when students start studying a language and should provide them with a sense of progress in the foreign language. In order to achieve effective and motivating communication, it is usually necessary to go beyond the forms of the language or to use other input which differ from the traditional coursebook. In this sense,literary texts present a never-ending source of resources for studying and communicating in a foreign language. This paper presents an integrated approach to the study of language and literature, highlighting the potential of literary texts when studying the characteristics of a language and paying special attention to how linguistic functions can be explored,studied and practiced through literary texts. La comunicación en una lengua extranjera requiere un uso funcional de la lengua, lo que da como resultado la capacidad de los estudiantes para expresar deseos, necesidades, sentimientos y actitudes. Tanto la comunicación oral como la escrita deben ser inmediatas desde el momento en que se comienza a estudiar una lengua y deberían proporcionar al usuario una sensación de progreso en la lengua extranjera. Para lograr una comunicación efectiva y motivadora, es necesario ir más allá de las formas de la lengua o utilizar materiales diferentes del libro de texto. En este sentido, los textos literarios presentan una fuente inagotable de recursos para estudiar y comunicarse en una lengua extranjera.En este trabajo se presenta un enfoque integrado para el estudio de la lengua y la literatura, poniendo de manifiesto el potencial de los textos literarios para explorar las características del lenguaje y prestando especial atención a la exploración, estudio y práctica de las funciones lingüísticas a través de los textos literarios

Experiencias sobre la adaptación al sistema de créditos europeos: debilidades y fortalezas

[SPA]En España, como en otros países europeos, el establecimiento de los principios de la Declaración de Bolonia está teniendo un profundo impacto en la estructura de los programas de Grado y, consecuentemente, en los esquemas de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Este nuevo sistema de créditos esta transformando radicalmente la filosofía de la enseñanza universitaria. El papel de los profesores y los alumnos a nivel universitario también está sufriendo modificaciones. Uno 964 de los elementos clave para el éxito de todo el esquema es el grado de implicación de los estudiantes en su propio proceso de aprendizaje y el trabajo autónomo que deberían llevar a cabo. En este trabajo describimos la forma en que se planearon e implementaron dos cursos desarrollados en la Universidad de Murcia, uno en el primer curso del Grado en Derecho y otro en el del Grado de Historia del Arte. Se analiza el proceso de enseñanza/aprendizaje bajo el prisma de las innovaciones curriculares que son consecuencia de las recomendaciones didácticas del Espacio Europea de Educación Superior y se pone de manifiesto la relación entre los resultados obtenidos y el grado de implicación y motivación de los estudiantes matriculados. [ENG]In Spain, as in other European countries, the Bologna Declaration is having a profound impact on the structure of degree programmes and, consequently, on teaching and learning. This new credit system is radically transforming the philosophy of university teaching as well as changing the role of teachers and students at tertiary level. One of the key elements for the success of the whole schema is the involvement of the students in their own learning process and the autonomous work that they should carry out. In this paper we describe the way in which two different modules offered by the University of Murcia, in the first year of the Degree of Law and that of Art History were implemented. The teaching/learning process following the didactic recommendations of the European Space for Higher Education is analysed and the relationship between the results obtained and the degree of implication and motivation of the students enrolled in the modules is also highlighted.Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Universidad de Murcia, Región de Murci

Segunda lengua y su literatura (inglés): problemática y metodología

[Resumen] Programar de forma homogénea y con los mismos parámetros las dis-tintas opciones de Segunda Lengua y su Literatura: Inglés en las Licenciaturas de Filología Hispánica y Filología Francesa es un tarea difícil de llevar a cabo. Ni la fundamentación ni las bases son las mismas, aunque el Ministerio las haya unifi- cado con idénticos descriptores. En este trabajo ponemos de manifiesto las difi- cultades surgidas al intentar programar la asignatura y presentamos dos plantea- mientos distintos para su programación. El primero corresponde a una metodolo- gía integrada (la lengua se enseña a través de los textos literarios) para alumnos con un conocimiento de lengua inglesa avanzado y el segundo, a una metodología no integrada (la lengua y la literatura forman dos bloques claramente delimitados) para alumnos con un nivel menor de conocimientos de lengua inglesa.[Abstract] To design a homogeneous syllabus for Segunda lengua su literatura: Inglés, in French Philology and Spanish Philology is a complex task when we have to share the same parameters as it is indicated in the official descriptors of the Ministry of Education for all the Segunda lengua y su literatura subjects. The stu- dents enrolled in these academic degrees show a different point of departure which enhances the difficulties in designing a proper syllabus. The aim of this paper is to present two different approaches to the methodology used to teach the same sub- ject in these two philologies. The first one proposes an integrated methodology (the language is taught through literary texts) and is intended for students with an upper-intermediate/advanced knowledge of the English language. The second, comprises a non-integrated methodology (language and literature are two comple- tely separated fields of study), for students with a lower level of English

Expresión de E-cadherina, laminina y colágeno IV en la evolución de displasia a carcinoma epidermoide oral

Objetivos: Estudiar la pérdida o reducción de la adhesión celular mediada por E-cadherina en leucoplasias, carcinomas epidermoides y metástasis ganglionares. Estudiar la pérdida de continuidad de la expresión de laminina y colágeno IV en la membrana basal epitelial en el desarrollo biológico de las leucoplasias y carcinomas orales. Material y metodo: Hemos estudiado 124 muestras de pacientes portadores de leucoplasias y carcinomas orales con diversos diagnósticos que abarcan desde epitelio normal (13 muestras), displasias leves (2), displasias moderadas (12), carcinomas in situ (13) carcinomas microinvasores (11) Carcinoma epidermoide oral (64 muestras) y metástasis ganglionar (9). Se construyeron 7 bloques de tissue microarrays con aguja de 2mm y se realizó un estudio mediante técnica inmunohistoquímica para E-cadherina (clona 36, T.D. ABD Company), Laminina (078P, Biogenex) y Colágeno IV (PHM12, Biogenex). Resultados: En Displasias Leves y Moderadas presentan pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina, Laminina, y Colágeno IV (20%). En Carcinomas in situ y Microinvasores, presentaron pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina (73%), y en Laminina y Colágeno IV (57%). En los carcinomas epidermoides, encontramos pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina (90%) y discontinuidad en la M. basal (70%). Todas las metástasis ganglionares presentaron pérdida de E-cadherina y discontinuidad en Laminina y Colágeno IV. Conclusiones: La pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina se incrementa al aumentar el grado de displasia de las lesiones. La perdida de continuidad en la expresión de laminina y Colágeno IV sigue una evolución paralela desde displasias a metástasis ganglionares. La disminución en la expresión de los tres marcadores ha sido significativa en la evolución de las lesiones orales.Objectives: Study the loss or reduction of the cellular adhesion mediated for E-cadherin in oral leukoplakias, oral squamous cell carcinomas and metastatic nodules. Study the loss of continuity of the laminin and collagen IV expression in the epithelial basal membrane from the biological development of the oral leukoplakias and oral carcinomas. Material and method: we have studied 124 samples of patient payees leukoplakias and oral carcinomas with diverse diagnosis that embrace from normal epithelium (13 samples), mild dysplasias (2), moderate dysplasias (12), 'in situ' carcinomas (13), microinvasive carcinomas (11) oral squamous cell carcinomas (64 samples) and metastatic nodules (9). 7 blocks of tissue microarrays were built with needle of 2mm and was carried out a study by means of immunohistochemical technique for E-cadherin (clone 36, Biogenex), Laminin (078P, Biogenex) and Collagen IV (PHM12, Biogenex). Results: In Mild and Moderate Dysplasias the results present loss of E-cadherin, Laminin, and Collagen IV (20%) expression. 'in situ' and microinvasive carcinomas, the results presented loss of E-cadherin expression (73%), and loss in Laminin and Collagen IV expression (57%). In the squamous cell carcinomas , we find E-cadherin underexpression (90%) and discontinuity in the Basal Membrane. (70%). All the metastatic nodules presented loss of E-cadherin expression and discontinuity in Laminin and Collagen IV expression. Conclusions: The loss of E-cadherin expression is increased when increasing the dysplasia grade of lesions. The loss of continuity in the laminin and Collagen IV expression follow a parallel evolution from dysplasias to metastatic nodules. The underexpression of the three markers has been significant in the evolution of the oral lesions

E-cadherin, laminin and collagen IV expression in the evolution from dysplasia to oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objetivos: Estudiar la pérdida o reducción de la adhesión celular mediada por E-cadherina en leucoplasias, carcinomas epidermoides y metástasis ganglionares. Estudiar la pérdida de continuidad de la expresión de laminina y colágeno IV en la membrana basal epitelial en el desarrollo biológico de las leucoplasias y carcinomas orales. Material y metodo: Hemos estudiado 124 muestras de pacientes portadores de leucoplasias y carcinomas orales con diversos diagnósticos que abarcan desde epitelio normal (13 muestras), displasias leves (2), displasias moderadas (12), carcinomas in situ (13) carcinomas microinvasores (11) Carcinoma epidermoide oral (64 muestras) y metástasis ganglionar (9). Se construyeron 7 bloques de tissue microarrays con aguja de 2mm y se realizó un estudio mediante técnica inmunohistoquímica para E-cadherina (clona 36, T.D. ABD Company), Laminina (078P, Biogenex) y Colágeno IV (PHM12, Biogenex). Resultados: En Displasias Leves y Moderadas presentan pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina, Laminina, y Colágeno IV (20%). En Carcinomas in situ y Microinvasores, presentaron pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina (73%), y en Laminina y Colágeno IV (57%). En los carcinomas epidermoides, encontramos pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina (90%) y discontinuidad en la M. basal (70%). Todas las metástasis ganglionares presentaron pérdida de E-cadherina y discontinuidad en Laminina y Colágeno IV. Conclusiones: La pérdida de expresión de E-cadherina se incrementa al aumentar el grado de displasia de las lesiones. La perdida de continuidad en la expresión de laminina y Colágeno IV sigue una evolución paralela desde displasias a metástasis ganglionares. La disminución en la expresión de los tres marcadores ha sido significativa en la evolución de las lesiones orales

The STOP-AB trial protocol: efficacy and safety of discontinuing patient antibiotic treatment when physicians no longer consider it necessary

Desde 2011, la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar ha recomendado a los médicos de cabecera que pidan a sus pacientes que dejen de tomar antibióticos cuando sospechen una infección viral. El objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar si la interrupción del tratamiento con antibióticos cuando un médico de cabecera ya no lo considera necesario tiene algún impacto en el número de días con síntomas graves. Se realiza un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado, multicéntrico y abierto. El estudio se realizó en 10 centros de atención primaria en España. Los pacientes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a la estrategia habitual de continuar el tratamiento con antibióticos o suspender el tratamiento con antibióticos. Se calculó un tamaño de muestra de 240 pacientes por grupo sobre la base de una reducción de 1 día en la duración de los síntomas graves es un resultado clínicamente relevante. El resultado primario fue la duración de los síntomas graves, es decir, los síntomas puntuados 5 o 6 por medio de diarios de síntomas validados. Los resultados secundarios incluyeron antibióticos tomados, eventos adversos, satisfacción del paciente y complicaciones dentro de los primeros 3 meses.Since 2011, the Spanish Society of Family Medicine has recommended to GPs that focus on their patients to stop taking antibiotics when they suspect a viral infection. The main objective of this study is to determine whether interrupting antibiotic treatment when a GP is no longer considered necessary has an impact on the number of days with severe symptoms. A randomized, multicenter and open controlled clinical trial is carried out. The study was carried out in 10 primary care centers in Spain. The patients were randomly assigned to the usual strategy of continuing antibiotic treatment or discontinuing antibiotic treatment. A sample size of 240 patients per group is calculated based on a 1-day reduction in the duration of the sequential session is a clinically relevant result. The primary outcome was the duration of the severe symptoms, that is, the specific symptoms 5 or 6 by means of validated symptoms. The results include antibiotics taken, adverse events, patient satisfaction and difficulties within the first 3 mon

Facial transplantation: a concise update

Objectives: Update on clinical results obtained by the first worldwide facial transplantation teams as well as review of the literature concerning the main surgical, immunological, ethical, and follow-up aspects described on facial transplanted patients. Study design: MEDLINE search of articles published on "face transplantation" until March 2012. Results: Eighteen clinical cases were studied. The mean patient age was 37.5 years, with a higher prevalence of men. Main surgical indication was gunshot injuries (6 patients). All patients had previously undergone multiple conventional surgical reconstructive procedures which had failed. Altogether 8 transplant teams belonging to 4 countries participated. Thirteen partial face transplantations and 5 full face transplantations have been performed. Allografts are varied according to face anatomical components and the amount of skin, muscle, bone, and other tissues included, though all were grafted successfully and remained viable without significant postoperative surgical complications. The patient with the longest follow-up was 5 years. Two patients died 2 and 27 months after transplantation. Conclusions: Clinical experience has demonstrated the feasibility of facial transplantation as a valuable reconstructive option, but it still remains considered as an experimental procedure with unresolved issues to settle down. Results show that from a clinical, technical, and immunological standpoint, facial transplantation has achieved functional, aesthetic, and social rehabilitation in severely facial disfigured patients

Evolution of legislation and crimes based on sexual identity or orientation in Spain: a retrospective observational study (2011-2021)

Respect for different sexual options and orientations prevents the occurrence of hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGTBI) persons for this reason. Our aim was to review the legislation that protects the rights of LGTBI people and to quantify the victimization rates of hate crimes based on sexual identity and orientation. A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011?2021. The laws on LGTBI rights in each region were identified. Hate crime victimization data on sexual identity and orientation were collected in annual rates per 100,000 inhabitants, annual percentage change and average change during the study period to assess the trend. The regulatory development of laws against discrimination against LGTBI individuals is heterogeneous across regions. Overall, in Spain there is an upward trend in the number of hate crime victimizations motivated by sexual identity or orientation. The effectiveness of data collection, thanks to better training and awareness of police forces regarding hate crimes and the processes of data cleansing and consolidation contributes to a greater visibility of hate crimes against LGTBI people

Encouraging natural ventilation to improve indoor environmental conditions at schools. Case studies in the north of Spain before and during COVID

The COVID pandemic has strongly affected daily life both in Spanish schools and worldwide. Providing the best environmental conditions for children allowing face-to-face learning with healthy and safe indoor spaces is a challenge. In the present study, empirical research about how these environmental conditions change with COVID is presented comparing the situation from March 2020 to January 2021. The methodology combines surveys conducted in nine schools with a case study in a selected school where a detailed monitoring of the building was developed during both heating seasons. This data ana- lyzes the impact of the new COVID prevention protocols on indoor environmental conditions (especially those related to natural ventilation). Results show a mean CO2 reduction of 1,400 ppm, having in the sec- ond term values around 1,000 ppm, although temperatures diminished nearly 2 °C to mean values of 18 °C. Evolution of temperature and CO2 concentration throughout the day was also analyzed, being these indoor conditions especially important for the children with poorer health. Mechanical ventilation with heating recovery should complement natural ventilation, at least during the coldest months or hours of the day, although systems have to be carefully designed and installed to work effectively