The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global antimicrobial and biocide resistance : an AMR Insights global perspective

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a serious public health challenge in all countries. However, repercussions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections on future global health are still being investigated, including the pandemic’s potential effect on the emergence and spread of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Critically ill COVID-19 patients may develop severe complications, which may predispose patients to infection with nosocomial bacterial and/or fungal pathogens, requiring the extensive use of antibiotics. However, antibiotics may also be inappropriately used in milder cases of COVID-19 infection. Further, concerns such as increased biocide use, antimicrobial stewardship/infection control, AMR awareness, the need for diagnostics (including rapid and point-of-care diagnostics) and the usefulness of vaccination could all be components shaping the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this publication, the authors present a brief overview of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated issues that could influence the pandemic’s effect on global AMR.This study was supported by internal funding.https://academic.oup.com/jacamram2022School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH

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Not AvailableImmunoglobulin (IgM) is the primary immunoglobulin essential for defense mechanisms in fish. It is difficult to reliably quantify IgM because a lack of standardization in methodology and limited availability of commercially reagents. In the present study, a polyclonal antibody was developed for the specific detection and quantification of IgM in Labeo rohita. Recombinant bicistronic NanoDNA plasmid (RBND Vac) encoding the glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Edwarsiella tarda conjugated with poly (lactic - co - glycolic acid) - Chitosan (PLGA - Chit) was developed and its potential as a DNA vaccine, to prevent the infection of E. tarda in L. rohita was investigated. Two treatment groups [T1 - (PLGA - Chit - NPs - pDNA), T2 - (PLGA - NPs - pDNA) and one control group (T0 - 1 × PBS)] were utilized. Polyclonal antibody was developed to estimate IgM titers in the serum and mucosal associated tissues (MAT) using Enzyme - linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Additionally, immune gene expression was studied using qRT - PCR. Vaccinated groups also exhibited a significant increase in the total serum protein, globulin concentration and relatively less mortality was observed in T1 group. IgM level in serum and mucosal tissues (skin, gill and gut) increased significantly days post vaccination compared to control group, also non - specific immune parameters (myeloperoxidase and lysozyme levels) showed significant improvement in vaccinated fish. Furthermore, histopathological examination confirmed minor damage in physiological structure of kidney and liver tissues in vaccinated fish. Knowledge of the immunoglobulin in L. rohita primed with RBND Vac complex provides the better protection against E. tarda. The normal physiology findings of this study will aid in monitoring changes in the health status of fish, when the animals undergo vaccination by immersion method.Not Availabl

Occurrence, Morpho-Histopathological Characterization, and Infection Dynamics of Posthodiplostomum sp. (Strigeidida: Diplostomidae) in Cyprinid Fish of the Ganga River

A metacercarial infection of Posthodiplostomum sp. (Strigeidida: Diplostomidae) was reported in the cyprinid fish, Labeo catla and Pethia conchonius and was identified based on clinical signs, cyst morphometry and characteristic histopathological lesions. The parasite was oval-round in shape, encysted in musculocutaneous tissues, and well encapsulated. The cyst was 1.02±0.02 by 0.79±0.02 mm and 1.02±0.02 by 0.75±0.02 mm in L. catla and P. conchonius, respectively. Microscopically, the multifocal hyperpigmented areas in the musculocutaneous tissues showed pericystic melanization, focal necrosis, and an infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes. Out of the 5,820 freshwater fish examined, only 3 L. catla were found to be infected in October at the Balagarh and in August, 13 P. conchonius were found to be infected at the Farakka stretch of the Ganga River. The spatio-temporal prevalence of Posthodiplostomum sp. in L. catla and P. conchonius was <1%, indicating a lower infection rate. This is the first report of Posthodiplostomum sp. infection in P. conchonius and from the Ganga River. It is also the first report of Posthodiplostomum sp. infection in L. catla in the Ganga River