Góngora’s Version of Arcadia in the Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea

Según la tesis del filólogo clásico alemán Bruno Snell, la Arcadia de la poesía antigua es un paisaje espiritual de carácter metapoético. Lo habitan los pastores enamorados, de manera que sus sentimientos, que Snell identificó con la “realidad del alma”, toman carta de naturaleza en dicho espacio. Los fantasmas que surgen de estos afectos se convierten, entonces, en “figuras de la poesía”. Góngora hizo suyas en la Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea las estructuras elementales de la bucólica, condensando sus extensas tramas en un epilio conceptista. Si los idilios al modo de Teócrito o Virgilio tratan de los enredos de las pasiones fruto del deseo, las resistencias y los conflictos, el salvajismo y la tensión entre el amor y el odio, Góngora sintetizó esta fenomenología erótica en la configuración arquetípica de la pareja amorosa y del tercero como intruso. Por eso, esta lectura de las octavas reales del cordobés no se dirige tanto a su contenido épico –ni siquiera al eglógico, por raro que suene– cuanto, más bien, al alcance de su rico armazón conceptual, que implica una reflexión elemental sobre la esencia de la poesía.The German classical philologist Bruno Snell argued that the Arcadia of ancient poetry is a spiritual landscape with a metapoetical dimension. The shepherdesses and herdsmen in love as well as their feelings, which Snell called the “reality of the soul”, are the inhabitants of this landscape of the soul. The fancies that arise from the feelings are being transformed in figures of poetry. Góngora takes up the elementary structures of bucolic poetry and condenses their extended plots to a poem of conceits. While the idylls e.g. of Theocritus or Vergil are about the twists of emotions arising from desire, about the resistances and conflicts, the violence of passion and the conflict between love and hate, Góngora condenses this erotic phenomenology to the archetypal configuration of the loving couple and the third person as intruder. That is why the reading of the poem is not primary concerned with the epic plot; and not even with the eclogic plot, as strange as it may seem, but with the dimension of the meaning of the plot which turns out to be an elementary reflection about the essence of poetry

“Política del amor”. Los afectos y el poder en algunos dramas de Calderón

El trabajo analiza algunos dramas de Calderón que tratan del problema de lo político y del oficio del rey. El análisis se centra en el papel de los afectos tanto del rey como en general. En un segundo paso, los dramas son relacionados a una serie de tratados políticos de la misma época, los que también destacan el papel de los afectos en el contexto político. Se argumenta que la insistencia sobre el papel de los afectos en la concepción de lo político no es un rasgo medieval y antimoderno, sino una actitud premoderna que prepara ciertas figuras del pensamiento político —como la concepción de una voluntad general—, que iban a desarrollarse en los siglos posteriores.----------------------------------------------------------------------The present work analyzes some of Calderón’s dramas that deal with the problem of politics and the role of the king. The analysis is focused on both the affects of the king and the affects in general. In addition to that, the dramas are related to a series of political treatises of the same era that also emphasize the function of affects in the field of politics. It is argued that the emphasis on the role of affects in the conception of politics is not a medieval and anti-modern remainder, but a pre-modern attitude that prepares certain figures of political thinking —such as the conception of a general will—, that were to be developed throughout the following centuries

molecular recognition at interfaces

In order to investigate molecular recognition on surfaces, an azide- functionalized monolayer was deposited on gold. The monolayer was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and angle-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) experiments and the decomposition of the azide upon irradiation with X-ray beams was investigated. Subsequently, various alkyne-functionalized host and guest molecules were attached to the azide by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. These modified surfaces and their host–guest chemistry were analysed by XPS and angle-resolved NEXAFS. The reversibility of guest binding was shown for one example as a proof of principle

Coordination controlled electrodeposition and patterning of layers of palladium/copper nanoparticles on top of a self-assembled monolayer

Support by EPSRC (EP/E061303/1, EP/D048761/1) and the Chinese Scholarship Council and the University of St Andrews for a stipend (Z. Y.) are gratefully acknowledged.A scheme for the generation of bimetallic nanoparticles is presented which combines electrodeposition of one type of metal, coordinated to a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), with another metal deposited from the bulk electrolyte. In this way PdCu nanoparticles are generated by initial complexation of Pd2+ to a SAM of 3-(4-(pyridine-4-yl)phenyl)propane-1-thiol (PyP3) on Au/mica and subsequent reduction in an acidic aqueous CuSO4 electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the onset of Cu deposition is triggered by Pd reduction. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) shows that layers of connected particles are formed with an average thickness of less than 3 nm and lateral dimensions of particles in the range of 2 to 5 nm. In X-ray photoelectron spectra a range of binding energies for the Pd 3d signal is observed whereas the Cu 2p signal appears at a single binding energy, even though chemically different Cu species are present: normal and more noble Cu. Up to three components are seen in the N 1s signal, one originating from protonated pyridine moieties, the others reflecting the SAM-metal interaction. It is suggested that the coordination controlled electrodeposition yields layers of particles composed of a Pd core and a Cu shell with a transition region of a PdCu alloy. Deposited on top of the PyP3 SAM, the PdCu particles exhibit weak adhesion which is exploited for patterning by selective removal of particles employing scanning probe techniques. The potential for patterning down to the sub-10 nm scale is demonstrated. Harnessing the deposition contrast between native and PdCu loaded PyP3 SAMs, structures thus created can be developed into patterned continuous layers.PostprintPeer reviewe

Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Tetralactam Macrocycles on Gold-surfaces

Zusammenfassung Mechanisch verriegelte Moleküle wie Rotaxane und Catenane sind in der Lage, mit mechanischer Bewegung auf molekularer Ebene auf externe Signale zu reagieren und gelten daher als Prototypen für die Synthese molekularer Maschinen. Um die nanoskopische Bewegung einzelner Rotaxane in eine makroskopische umzuwandeln und damit Arbeit zu verrichten, ist es notwendig, diese Moleküle in großen, möglichst geordneten Arealen an Grenzflächen abzuscheiden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, Tetralactam- Makrozyklen auf verschiedenen selbstorganisierten Monoschichten über eine metallkoordinierte Schicht-für-Schicht-Selbstorganisation in Multischichten abzuscheiden. Aus diesem Grund wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zahlreiche selbstorganisierte Monoschichten als Templatschichten hergestellt, mittels XPS, NEXAFS-Spektroskopie, ToF-SIMS und AFM charakterisiert und auf ihre Koordinationseigenschaften hin untersucht. Jede der hergestellten Monoschichten weist dabei bestimmte Eigenschaften auf, sodass je nach Anforderung für spätere Anwendung die geeignete Schicht gewählt werden kann. Schema 1 zeigt sämtliche dafür verwendete Moleküle. Schema 1 Die während der vorliegenden Arbeit verwendeten Thiole. Während die pyridinterminierten Thiole als monomolekulare Schichten abgeschieden werden konnten, erforderte die Erzeugung einer geordneten Monoschicht aus den terpyridinterminierten Thiolen entweder die Abscheidung gemischter Monoschichten (TDT/DT, TPT/PhT) oder eine nachträgliche Funktionalisierung über eine Klick-Reaktion (TPA/AUD). Untersuchungen über gemischte Monoschichten mit TDT/DT zeigten, dass die Zusammensetzung der Monoschicht über das Verhältnis der beiden Thiole in der Beschichtungslösung direkt beeinflusst werden kann, während dies bei TPT/PhT nicht möglich ist. In diesem Fall scheidet sich grundsätzlich ein bestimmtes Verhältnis ab, sobald beide Komponenten in Lösung vorliegen.1 Hier zeigt sich Einfluss des spacers auf die Eigenschaften der Monoschicht sehr anschaulich. PDT bildet Monoschichten die mit Schwefelsäure reversibel protoniert und mit Ethanol wieder deprotoniert werden können. Die Fähigkeit, Palladium(II)-Ionen zu binden, hängt dabei direkt vom Protonierungsgrad ab. Des Weiteren gelang es, einen diterpyridinfunktionalisierten Tetralactam-Makrozyklus zu synthetisieren und mittels eines Schicht-für-Schicht-Abscheidungsprozesses zur Herstellung von Multischichten mit einer Höhe von über 50 nm einzusetzen. Mit winkelabhängiger NEXAFS-Spektroskopie konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Makrozyklen eine Vorzugsorientierung aufweisen. Es konnten sowohl Eisen(II)-, als auch Nickel(II)-Ionen erfolgreich zur Verknüpfung der organischen Schichten eingesetzt werden. Die alternierende Abscheidung von Eisen(II)-, als auch von Nickel(II)-Ionen, innerhalb einer Multischicht gelang ebenfalls, sodass es möglich war, programmierbare Sequenzen in die Multischichtstruktur zu integrieren. Über XPS konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Metalle tatsächlich in unterschiedlichen Schichten vorliegen und kein Austausch zwischen den Schichten stattfindet. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass man mit der erarbeiteten Prozedur in der Lage ist, kontrolliert stabile und definierte supramolekulare Architekturen auf einer Monoschicht abzuscheiden. Um zu zeigen, dass die erzeugten Multischichten mit externen Stimuli adressiert werden können, wurde zuerst ein Squarainderivat als Gastmolekül abgeschieden. Mittels Transmissions-UV/Vis-Spektroskopie und XPS konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Gast tatsächlich in der Kavität des Makrozyklus bindet und somit ein Pseudorotaxan bildet. Im Anschluss abgeschiedene Chlorid-Ionen waren in der Lage, den Gast wieder aus dem Wirt zu verdrängen. Somit konnte der proof of concept erbracht werden, dass die erarbeitete Prozedur Multischichten liefert, die auf externe Signale reagieren.Summary Mechanically interlocked molecules such as rotaxanes and catenanes can respond with mechanical motion at the molecular level to external signals and are therefore considered as prototypes for the synthesis of molecular machines. To convert the movement of individual nanoscopic rotaxanes into a macroscopic movement, i.e. to perform work, it is necessary to deposit these molecules in highly ordered arrays at interfaces. The aim of the present work is the deposition of tetralactam macrocycles on self-assembled monolayers as metal-coordinated multilayers. For this purpose, several self-assembled monolayers were prepared as template layers, characterized by XPS, NEXAFS spectroscopy, ToF-SIMS and AFM and studied with regard to their coordination properties. Each of the monolayers prepared thereby exhibits specific properties, so that depending on the requirements for the subsequent application, the suitable layer can be selected. Scheme 2 shows all the molecules used in the present study for the deposition of self-assembled monolayers. Scheme 2 The thiols used for the deposition of self-assembled monolayers. While the pyridin-terminated thiols were solely deposited as monomolecular compounds, the deposition of ordered monolayers from the terpyridine-terminated thiols demanded either the deposition of mixed monolayers (TDT/DT, TPT/PhT) or a subsequent functionalization via a click- reaction (TPA/AUD). Investigations about the mixed monolayer TDT/DT showed that the composition on the surface can directly be affected by the ratio of both thiols in the depositing solution. This is not possible for TPT/PhT.1 This demonstrates the influence of the spacer to the properties of the monolayer. Deposition of PDT on gold results in self-assembled monolayers, which can be reversibly protonated with sulfuric acid and deprotonated with ethanol. The ability to coordinate to palladium (II) ions directly depends on the degree of protonation. Furthermore it was possible to synthesize a diterpyridin functionalized tetralactam macrocycle and use it by means of a layer-by-layer deposition process for the preparation of multilayers with a height of about 50 nm. Angle-dependent NEXAFS spectroscopy was used to show that the macrocycles have a preferential orientation. It was possible to use both, iron (II) and nickel (II) ions, for linking the organic layers. The alternating deposition of iron (II) and nickel (II) ions in one multilayer assembly was also successful, so it was possible to integrate programmable sequences into the multilayer structure. XP-spectra revealed the metals to reside in different layers, and in fact no exchange reaction occurs between the layers. Thus, it could be shown that the developed procedure can be used for the controlled deposition of stable and defined supramolecular architectures on self-assembled monolayers. In order to show that the generated multilayers can be addressed by external stimuli, first a squaraine derivative was deposited as a guest molecule. By means of transmissions-UV /Vis-spectroscopy and XPS we were able to show that the guest actually binds inside the cavity of the macrocycle, forming a pseudorotaxane. Deposition of chloride ions, which bind stronger to the macrocycle, caused the displacement of the squaraine-derivatives out of the cavity of macrocycles, providing the proof of concept, that the developed procedure yields multilayers which are addressable by external stimuli

Nash-Moser techniques for nonlinear boundary-value problems

A new linearization method is introduced for smooth short-time solvability of initial boundary value problems for nonlinear evolution equations. The technique based on an inverse function theorem of Nash-Moser type is illustrated by an application in the parabolic case. The equation and the boundary conditions may depend fully nonlinearly on time and space variables. The necessary compatibility conditions are transformed using a Borel's theorem. A general trace theorem for normal boundary conditions is proved in spaces of smooth functions by applying tame splitting theory in Frechet spaces. The linearized parabolic problem is treated using maximal regularity in analytic semigroup theory, higher order elliptic a priori estimates and simultaneous continuity in trace theorems in Sobolev spaces

Conferencia: El realismo de Borges. Defendiendo a Borges de sus aficionados

Conferencia /// Semestre 2011-1. Cátedra Extraordinaria. Guillermo y Alejandro Von Humbolt. Secretaría Académica. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Dr. Gerhard Poppenberg. Universidad de Heidelberg. Lunes 13 de septiembre 18:00 horas. Salón de Actos. //// Audio. Duración: 1hora. 41 minutos