Les conséquences de la sous-traitance pour le syndicat et la main-d'oeuvre : une étude de cas dans le secteur des pâtes et papier

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Recommandation de placement de l’enfant dans le contexte de la protection de la jeunesse : facteurs associés = Recommendation of placement into foster care : associated factors

La décision de retirer un enfant de son milieu familial représente l’une des décisions les plus difficiles pour les intervenants sociaux. Cette étude vise à explorer les caractéristiques des enfants, des parents, des familles et des problématiques du signalement qui sont associées à la recommandation du placement de l’enfant lors de la prise en charge de ce dernier par la protection de la jeunesse. L’étude a été réalisée à partir d’un échantillon représentatif de 2230 enfants pris en charge par les services de protection de la jeunesse au Québec, tiré de l’Étude d’Incidence Québécoise (ÉIQ). Les analyses de régression logistique montrent que treize caractéristiques sont associées à la recommandation du placement de l’enfant. Ces variables associées sont liées : 1) aux caractéristiques des figures parentales (une coopération parentale inadéquate, un nombre de problèmes connus du parent plus élevé et la présence d’un adulte significatif dans la vie de l’enfant autre que les figures parentales), 2) aux caractéristiques des familles (une structure familiale non traditionnelle : recomposée ou monoparentale, un seul enfant de la famille a été signalé et un logement jugé non sécuritaire), 3) aux caractéristiques des enfants (enfant de moins de 2 ans ou de plus de 14 ans et un nombre élevé de besoins pour l’enfant), et 4) aux caractéristiques des problématiques (plus d’une problématique signalée, un signalement pour abandon, un signalement qui ne concerne pas une situation « autre » de mauvais traitements, un nombre élevé d’atteintes à la santé mentale et un signalement provenant d’une membre de la famille). La discussion porte sur la pertinence de ces caractéristiques dans les discussions cliniques impliquant une décision de placer un enfant. Recommending placement into foster care is one of the most difficult decisions for a child welfare worker to make. The aim of this study is to explore child, parent, family and maltreatment characteristics associated with placement recommendation in the representative sample of the Quebec youth protection agency clientele (N = 2230 children) from the Quebec Incidence Study (QIS). Logistic regression reveals 13 characteristics associated with recommending placement: three parent characteristics (inadequate parental cooperation, higher number of parental problems, presence of significant adult in child’s life other than parental figures); three family characteristics (reconstituted/single-parent family, only one child in family reported to youth protection agency and non-secure home); two child characteristics (under 2 or over 14 years of age and high number of child needs); and five maltreatment characteristics (more than one problem reported to youth protection agency, child reported abandoned, report does not involve “other” maltreatment type, high number of mental health sequelae and report by family member). The discussion focuses on the pertinence of these characteristics in clinical discussions involving the decision to place a child

Pollen et microbes : les défis de la vie urbaine face au changement global

"La biodiversité, du plus petit des organismes au plus grand, permet aux écosystèmes de fournir d'innombrables services essentiels pour la santé des populations humaines (ex. : productivité végétale, qualité de l’air et de l’eau). Pourtant, Ripple et al. ont montré en 2017 que l’intensification actuelle des activités anthropiques (activités dues aux humains) provoque une diminution globale de la biodiversité. Aujourd’hui, la plupart des écosystèmes subissent des perturbations constantes liées aux modifications directes de l'habitat (ex. : l'urbanisation) et aux effets indirects du changement global sur les conditions abiotiques (ex. : la température). Les pertes de biodiversité et donc des services qu’elle nous procure menacent les écosystèmes et leurs habitants, y compris les humains, selon Anderson-Teixeira et al. en 2012. D’ailleurs, aucun écosystème n'évolue et ne se développe aussi rapidement que l’écosystème urbain. On estime que les personnes vivant en ville représenteront plus de 70 % de la population mondiale dans les 30 prochaines années (World Health Statistics, 2016). La synergie entre perte de biodiversité et urbanisation pourrait altérer la santé des populations humaines, entraînant alors des coûts substantiels de santé pour la société (Sandifer, Sutton-Grier, et Ward 2015). [...]

Investigation of PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARG interactomes by affinity-purification mass spectrometry

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the formation of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr), a post-translational modification involved in several important biological processes, namely surveillance of genome integrity, cell cycle progression, initiation of the DNA damage response, apoptosis, and regulation of transcription. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), on the other hand, catabolizes pADPr and thereby accounts for the transient nature of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Our investigation of the interactomes of PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARG by affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) aimed, on the one hand, to confirm current knowledge on these interactomes and, on the other hand, to discover new protein partners which could offer insights into PARPs and PARG functions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARG were immunoprecipitated from human cells, and pulled-down proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis prior to in-gel trypsin digestion. Peptides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Our AP-MS experiments resulted in the identifications of 179 interactions, 139 of which are novel interactions. Gene Ontology analysis of the identified protein interactors points to five biological processes in which PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARG may be involved: RNA metabolism for PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARG; DNA repair and apoptosis for PARP-1 and PARP-2; and glycolysis and cell cycle for PARP-1.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study reveals several novel protein partners for PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARG. It provides a global view of the interactomes of these proteins as well as a roadmap to establish the systems biology of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism.</p

Deregulated lipid sensing by intestinal CD36 in diet-induced hyperinsulinemic obese mouse model

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) greatly increases risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes and is generally associated with abnormally elevated postprandial triglyceride levels. We evaluated intestinal synthesis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in a mouse model of the MetS obtained by feeding a palm oil-rich high fat diet (HFD). By contrast to control mice, MetS mice secreted two populations of TRL. If the smaller size population represented 44% of total particles in the beginning of intestinal lipid absorption in MetS mice, it accounted for only 17% after 4 h due to the secretion of larger size TRL. The MetS mice displayed accentuated postprandial hypertriglyceridemia up to 3 h due to a defective TRL clearance. These alterations reflected a delay in lipid induction of genes for key proteins of TRL formation (MTP, L-FABP) and blood clearance (ApoC2). These abnormalities associated with blunted lipid sensing by CD36, which is normally required to optimize jejunal formation of large TRL. In MetS mice CD36 was not downregulated by lipid in contrast to control mice. Treatment of controls with the proteosomal inhibitor MG132, which prevented CD36 downregulation, resulted in blunted lipid-induction of MTP, L-FABP and ApoC2 gene expression, as in MetS mice. Absence of CD36 sensing was due to the hyperinsulinemia in MetS mice. Acute insulin treatment of controls before lipid administration abolished CD36 downregulation, lipid-induction of TRL genes and reduced postprandial triglycerides (TG), while streptozotocin-treatment of MetS mice restored lipid-induced CD36 degradation and TG secretion. In vitro, insulin treatment abolished CD36-mediated up-regulation of MTP in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, HFD treatment impairs TRL formation in early stage of lipid absorption via insulin-mediated inhibition of CD36 lipid sensing. This impairment results in production of smaller TRL that are cleared slowly from the circulation, which might contribute to the reported association of CD36 variants with MetS risk

PARP-3 and APLF function together to accelerate nonhomologous end joining

PARP-3 is a member of the ADP-ribosyl transferase superfamily of unknown function. We show that PARP-3 is stimulated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in vitro and functions in the same pathway as the poly (ADP-ribose)-binding protein APLF to accelerate chromosomal DNA DSB repair. We implicate PARP-3 in the accumulation of APLF at DSBs and demonstrate that APLF promotes the retention of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV complex in chromatin, suggesting that PARP-3 and APLF accelerate DNA ligation during nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). Consistent with this, we show that class switch recombination in Aplf−/− B cells is biased toward microhomology-mediated end-joining, a pathway that operates in the absence of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV, and that the requirement for PARP-3 and APLF for NHEJ is circumvented by overexpression of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV. These data identify molecular roles for PARP-3 and APLF in chromosomal DNA double-strand break repair reactions

The role of parenting stress in anxiety and sleep outcomes in toddlers with congenital heart disease

ObjectivesThis retrospective cohort study investigates how parenting stress, measured at 4 months of age by use of a classic three-dimensional parent-reported scale (Parenting Stress Index, 4th Ed. or PSI-4), can predict anxiety symptoms and quality of sleep at 24 months in toddlers with congenital heart disease (CHD).Study DesignSixty-six toddlers with CHD followed at our cardiac neurodevelopmental follow-up clinic were included in this study. As part of their systematic developmental assessment program, parents completed questionnaires on their stress level (PSI-4) when their child was 4 months old, and on their child's anxiety symptoms and quality of sleep at 24 months. Eight multiple linear regression models were built on the two measures collected at 24 months using the PSI-4 scores collected at 4 months. For each measure, four models were built from the PSI-4 total score and its three subscales (Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction, Difficult Child), controlling for sex and socioeconomic status.ResultsThe PSI-4 Difficult Child subscale, which focuses on parenting anxiety related to the child's behavioral problems and poor psychosocial adjustment, accounted for 17% of the child's anxiety symptoms at 24 months. The two other PSI-4 subscales (Parental Distress and Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction) and the PSI-4 total score did not contribute significantly to the models. None of the four regression models on perceived quality of sleep were significant. It is important to note that 33% of parents responded defensively to the PSI-4.ConclusionsParenting stress related to the child's behavioral problems and poor psychosocial adjustment, measured when the child is 4 months old, is associated with the child's ulterior anxiety symptoms. As very few standardized tools are available to assess the behavioral and psychoaffective development of infants, this study highlights the importance of early psychosocial screening in parents of infants with CHD. The high rate of significant Defensive Responding Indices reminds us to not take parent reports at face value, as their actual stress levels might be higher

Comparative proteome analysis of human epithelial ovarian cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epithelial ovarian cancer is a devastating disease associated with low survival prognosis mainly because of the lack of early detection markers and the asymptomatic nature of the cancer until late stage. Using two complementary proteomics approaches, a differential protein expression profile was carried out between low and highly transformed epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines which realistically mimic the phenotypic changes observed during evolution of a tumour metastasis. This investigation was aimed at a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation, proliferation and neoplastic progression of ovarian cancer.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The quantitative profiling of epithelial ovarian cancer model cell lines TOV-81D and TOV-112D generated using iTRAQ analysis and two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry revealed some proteins with altered expression levels. Several of these proteins have been the object of interest in cancer research but others were unrecognized as differentially expressed in a context of ovarian cancer. Among these, series of proteins involved in transcriptional activity, cellular metabolism, cell adhesion or motility and cytoskeleton organization were identified, suggesting their possible role in the emergence of oncogenic pathways leading to aggressive cellular behavior.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The differential protein expression profile generated by the two proteomics approaches combined to complementary characterizations studies will open the way to more exhaustive and systematic representation of the disease and will provide valuable information that may be helpful to uncover the molecular mechanisms related to epithelial ovarian cancer.</p