Analysing the Temperature Effect on the Competitiveness of the Amine Addition versus the Amidation Reaction in the Epoxidized Oil/Amine System by MCR-ALS of FTIR Data

The evaluation of the temperature effect on the competitiveness between the amine addition and the amidation reaction in a model cure acid-catalysed reaction between the epoxidized methyl oleate (EMO), obtained from high oleic sunflower oil, and aniline is reported. The study was carried out analysing the kinetic profiles of the chemical species involved in the system, which were obtained applying multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to the Fourier transform infrared spectra data obtained from the reaction monitoring at two different temperatures (60°C and 30°C). At both experimental temperatures, two mechanisms were postulated: non-autocatalytic and autocatalytic. The different behaviour was discussed considering not only the influence of the temperature on the amidation reaction kinetic, but also the presence of the homopolymerization of the EMO reagent

Rotación en el empleo voluntaria y forzosa en los jóvenes de la generación Millennial

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la rotación laboral, tanto forzosa como voluntaria entre los jóvenes considerados generación Millennial. Este análisis se llevó a cabo mediante un cuestionario en el que participaron 136 jóvenes de forma anónima. Los resultados de este cuestionario demostraron la existencia de una temporalidad excesivamente alta entre los jóvenes, en algunos casos debido a la compatibilidad entre estudios y trabajo. También se ha demostrado como la perspectiva con respecto al trabajo que tiene esta generación es considerablemente diferente de la perspectiva de otras generaciones. Esta generación, que de acuerdo con la encuesta, se encuentra en su mayoría trabajando actualmente necesita medidas legales que puedan defenderlos frente a situaciones de excesiva rotación laboral puesto que dificultan la consecución de una estabilidad que les permita desarrollarse a nivel personal y profesional.<br /

Nueva información sobre la morfología, reproducción y distribución del pulpo megatuberculado Graneledone macrotyla del talud continental Patagónico

The new information reported in this paper is based on 11 specimens of the large-tuberculate octopus Graneledone macrotyla. These specimens were caught in bottom trawl surveys ATLANTIS 2009 and 2010 carried out on the Patagonian slope off the Argentinean Economic Exclusive Zone between 24 February and 1 April 2009 and from 9 March to 5 April 2010 respectively. A new diagnosis and a complete description of the species are provided. This is the first time that stylets, beaks and spermatophores are described. This is also the first time in which mature females have been studied and the female genitalia described. Like other eledonid octopods, G. macrotyla does not have spermathecae in the oviducal glands. The presence of fertilized eggs inside the ovary suggests that fertilization takes place within the ovary. The simultaneous occurrence of oocyte cohorts at different oogenic stages suggests that the species is a multiple spawner. G. macrotyla inhabits shallower waters on the Patagonian slope (475-921 m) than in the subantartic area (1647-2044 m). From a biogeographical point of view, our data show that G. macrotyla inhabits the plume of cold subantarctic waters, which is pushed far north into the southwestern Atlantic by the Falkland (Malvinas) Current.La novedosa información que se proporciona en este trabajo se basa en 11 ejemplares del pulpo megatuberculado Graneledone macrotyla. Esos ejemplares se capturaron en las campañas de prospección ATLANTIS 2009 y 2010, realizadas con arte de arrastre bentónico en el talud patagónico por fuera de la Zona Económica Exclusiva de Argentina, entre el 24 de febrero y el 1 de abril de 2009 y desde el 9 de marzo hasta el 5 de abril de 2010, respectivamente. Se ofrece una nueva diagnosis y una descripción completa de la especie. Esta es la primera vez en que se describen los estiletes, picos y espermatóforos. También es totalmente novedoso el estudio de hembras maduras, lo que ha permitido la descripción de su órgano genital. Como ocurre en otros pulpos de la subfamilia Eledoninae, G. macrotyla carece de espermatecas en las glándulas oviductales. La presencia de huevos fecundados en el ovario sugiere que la fecundación acontece dentro de este órgano. La presencia simultánea de varias cohortes de ovocitos de diferente tamaño sugiere que se trata de una especie cuya freza es múltiple. G. macrotyla vive en aguas más someras del talud patagónico (475-921 m) que en la región subantártica (1647-2044 m). Estos datos muestran que G. macrotyla vive en la pluma de aguas subantárticas, que transportan agua fría hacia el norte del Atlántico sudoccidental a través de la corriente de Malvinas (Falkland)

Antibacterial activity in three Chaetoceros microalgae species cultures by using antibiotics

Diatoms, such as Chaetoceros, grow in a mutualistic relationship with bacteria. However, in some cases, it is necessary to grow them in bacteria-free cultures. To reduce bacterial load, antibiotics are used, and on certain occasions it is necessary to use a mixture with more than one antibiotic. This work aimed to obtain a quick and effective protocol to reduce the bacterial load and evaluate the response of three Chaetoceros species with aquacultural importance. Single and mix antibiotics were used. Microalgal and bacterial growth was measured. The growth parameters for diatoms showed that the significantly highest cell concentration was for C. muelleri (3.15 x106 cells mL-1) and the lowest values to C. calcitrans (2.98 x106 cells mL-1). The significantly highest growth rate was for C. calcitrans (0.77 divisions per day), and the lowest values for Chaetoceros sp. (0.60 divisions per day). The growth parameters for heterotrophic bacteria showed that the significantly highest bacterial load was for Chaetoceros sp. (19.16 x106 CFU (Colony-Forming Units) mL-1) and the lowest values were for C. calcitrans (12.23 x106 CFU mL-1). The growth rate of the heterotrophic bacteria present in Chaetoceros cultures was similar among the three studied species. Streptomycin® and sulfate G41® produced a partial reduction of bacterial load. The most effective treatment for all three species was the use of an antibiotic mix composed of ampicillin® (250 μg mL-1), kanamycin® (200 μg mL-1), neomycin® (50 μg mL-1), and streptomycin® (100 μg mL-1) for three days. The mix prepared with the highest antibiotic concentration produced a reduction of bacteria (100%) for three days; however, it also induced a significant reduction of the growth of the three Chaetoceros species

Iridium-Catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of C-Substituted Piperazines

Piperazine rings are essential motifs frequently found in commercial drugs. However, synthetic methodologies are mainly limited to N-substituted piperazines, preventing structural diversity. Disclosed herein is a straightforward catalytic method for the synthesis of complex C-substituted piperazines based on an uncommon head-to-head coupling of easily prepared imines. This 100% atom-economic process allows the selective formation of a sole diastereoisomer, a broad substrate scope, and a good functional group tolerance employing a bench-stable iridium catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Key to the success is the addition of N-oxides to the reaction mixture, as they notably enhance the catalytic activity and selectivity

Mixed-Valence Tetrametallic Iridium Chains

Neutral [X−{Ir2}−{Ir2}−X] (X=Cl, Br, SCN, I) and dicationic [L−{Ir2}−{Ir2}−L]2+ (L=MeCN, Me2CO) tetrametallic iridium chains made by connecting two dinuclear {Ir2} units ({Ir2}=[Ir2(μ‐OPy)2(CO)4], OPy=2‐pyridonate) by an iridium–iridium bond are described. The complexes exhibit fractional averaged oxidation states of +1.5 and electronic delocalization along the metallic chain. While the axial ligands do not significantly affect the metal–metal bond lengths, the metallic chain has a significant impact on the iridium–L/X bond distances. The complexes show free rotation around the unsupported iridium‐iridium bond in solution, with a low‐energy transition state for the chloride chain. The absorption spectra of these complexes show characteristic bands at 438–504 nm, which can be fine‐tuned by varying the terminal capping ligands

Diseño e implementación de un sistema de gestión de calidad para los cursos de formación permanente de la UCM

El proyecto de innovación ha consistido en el diseño de un modelo de garantía de calidad para los títulos de formación permanente de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, especialmente centrado en los programas de máster de formación permanente, capaz de garantizar la calidad y el rigor académico y científico de los títulos, alineado con los Criterios y directrices para el Aseguramiento de la Calidad en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (ESG) y con las orientaciones realizadas por Red Española de Agencias de Calidad (REACU) para el aseguramiento de la calidad de los títulos de formación permanente

Gender inequalities in research in public health and epidemiology in Spain (2007-2014)

Objetivo: Analizar las desigualdades de género en investigación en salud pública y epidemiología en España, en el periodo 2007-2014. Método: Estudio descriptivo según sexo de posiciones de liderazgo del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), especialmente en el área temática de epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP) en 2014; de sociedades científicas de salud pública (SESPAS) y epidemiología (SEE), 2009-2014; y de proyectos de investigación solicitados (13.320) y financiados (4699), e importes de convocatorias de Acción Estratégica en Salud (AES), 2007-2013. Resultados: Existe una clara infrarrepresentación de mujeres líderes y contratadas en investigación de excelencia en salud pública (CIBERESP), con predominio de los hombres en puestos de decisión. Aunque los proyectos de investigación de la Acción Estratégica en Salud (AES) liderados por mujeres han crecido ligeramente entre 2007 y 2013, entre los solicitados no alcanzan el 50%, con excepción de los de la Comisión de Salud Pública. La brecha de género es aún mayor en proyectos financiados. Los proyectos liderados por hombres tienen mayor probabilidad de obtener financiación, alcanzando el 29% en los de salud pública. Persiste una segregación horizontal de género en posiciones de reconocimiento científico en congresos de SESPAS y SEE. Conclusiones: La sobrerrepresentación de líderes masculinos en la investigación en salud pública en España debe entenderse como indicador y consecuencia del androcentrismo en las sociedades científicas y los grupos profesionales. Esta situación sexista pone en riesgo la existencia de productos y servicios innovadores desde la perspectiva de género que den respuestas a necesidades y demandas de toda la sociedad. Se necesitan más mujeres en investigación que tengan incorporada esta perspectiva.Objective: To analyse gender inequalities in research on public health and epidemiology in Spain for the period 2007-2014. Method: A descriptive study was conducted by sex of leadership positions in the Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER), especially in the subject area of epidemiology and public health (CIBERESP) in 2014; scientific societies of public health (SESPAS) and epidemiology (SEE) 2009-2014; research projects requested (13,320) and financed (4,699), and monetary amounts of calls for Strategic Action in Health (AES), 2007-2013. Results: Women were clearly under-represented in positions of leadership and in research excellence in public health (CIBER), with a predominance of men in decision-making positions. Although research projects led by women in AES increased slightly between 2007 and 2013, among proposed projects this figure was less than 50%, with the exception of the public health commission. The gender gap was even greater in funded projects. Projects led by men were more likely to be funded, representing 29% in public health. There was also a persistence of horizontal gender segregation in positions of scientific recognition in the SESPAS and SEE Congresses. Conclusions: The overrepresentation of male leaders in public health research in Spain can be understood as an indicator and a consequence of androcentrism in scientific societies and professional groups. This sexist situation threatens the existence of innovative products and services from a gender perspective that respond to the needs and demands of society as a whole. More women are needed in research incorporating this perspective.Este trabajo ha recibido financiación parcial de la Acción Estratégica en Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Exp. PI12/00498) y Fondos FEDER

Assessing the trophic ecology of three sympatric squid in the marine ecosystem off the Patagonian Shelf by combining stomach content and stable isotopic analyses

Squid species are important components of the Southern Atlantic Ocean ecosystems, as they prey on a wide range of crustaceans, fish and cephalopods. As a result of this trophic interaction and their high abundance, they are considered reliable indicators of energy transfer and biomass in the food web. We identified Illex argentinus, Doryteuthis gahi and Onykia ingens as the most important squid species interacting on the Patagonian shelf, and used isotope analysis and stomach content identification to assess the feeding ecology and interaction of these squids in the ecosystem. Our results describe trophic interactions by direct predation of O. ingens and I. argentinus on D. gahi, and a trophic overlap of the three squid, and indicate a higher trophic level and differences in the foraging areas for mature and maturing D. gahi inferred through δ15N and δ13C concentrations. These differences were related to the segregation and different habitat of large mature D. gahi and suggest a food enrichment of C and N based on feeding sources other than those used by small maturing D. gahi and I. argentinus and O. ingens.Versión del editor1,484

How much fat loss is needed for lipoatrophy to become clinically evident?

The objective of this study was to evaluate how much limb fat is needed to be lost for lipoatrophy to become clinically evident. Antiretroviral drug-naive patients from a randomized trial comparing stavudine or abacavir plus lamivudine and efavirenz, who had subjective assessment to detect clinically evident lipoatrophy (standardized questionnaire) and objective measurements of limb fat (dual X-ray absorptiometry) at baseline, 48 weeks, and 96 weeks were included. ROC curves were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of several cut-off values of absolute and percent limb fat loss for diagnosing lipoatrophy. Of 54 patients included, 13 (24%) had subjective lipoatrophy at 96 weeks. After 96 weeks, median limb fat change was −2.3 kg (interquartile range: −5.2, +0.2) and 0.4 kg (interquartile range: −7.2, +3.4) in patients with and without lipoatrophy, respectively. Median percent limb fat change was −45.5% (interquartile range: −78.0, +3.7) and 5.5% (interquartile range: −62.8, +95.6), respectively. The cut-off values of absolute and percent limb fat loss showing the best sensitivity and specificity values were −1.5 kg (sensitivity, 77%; specificity, 76%) and −30% (sensitivity, 85%; specificity, 73%). At least 30% limb fat is needed to be lost in HIV-infected patients for lipoatrophy to become clinically evident