Establishment, Regeneration, and Succession of Korean Red Pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) Forest in Korea

Seed production of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.) was ranging from 25 to 27 seeds/m2 with a viability averaging between 42 and 44%. Seed dispersal reaches about 80 m. Germination rate of seed varied from 19 to 90%, and survival rate of seedling varied from 0 to 30% depending on moisture condition in field experiment. Survivorship curve of the pine population showed type III. Species composition of the pine forest was characterized by possessing plants with resistant capacity to water deficit such as Rhododendron micranthum, Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum, Spodiopogon sibiricus, and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya. Ecological longevity of the pine was about 140 years based on mean age of gap makers. Natural maintenance of the pine forest depended on disturbance regime, which is dominated by endogenous factor. Natural regeneration of the pine forest is possible only in a very restricted site such as ridgetop with thin and infertile soil condition. Therefore, active and systematic management is required for artificial regeneration of the forest as is known in silivicultural method. Pine gall midge damage accelerated succession of the pine forest to the deciduous broadleaved forest dominated by oak except on the ridgetop where the forest can be maintained naturally

The 5p15.33 Locus Is Associated with Risk of Lung Adenocarcinoma in Never-Smoking Females in Asia

Genome-wide association studies of lung cancer reported in populations of European background have identified three regions on chromosomes 5p15.33, 6p21.33, and 15q25 that have achieved genome-wide significance with p-values of 10−7 or lower. These studies have been performed primarily in cigarette smokers, raising the possibility that the observed associations could be related to tobacco use, lung carcinogenesis, or both. Since most women in Asia do not smoke, we conducted a genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma in never-smoking females (584 cases, 585 controls) among Han Chinese in Taiwan and found that the most significant association was for rs2736100 on chromosome 5p15.33 (p = 1.30×10−11). This finding was independently replicated in seven studies from East Asia totaling 1,164 lung adenocarcinomas and 1,736 controls (p = 5.38×10−11). A pooled analysis achieved genome-wide significance for rs2736100. This SNP marker localizes to the CLPTM1L-TERT locus on chromosome 5p15.33 (p = 2.60×10−20, allelic risk = 1.54, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.41–1.68). Risks for heterozygote and homozygote carriers of the minor allele were 1.62 (95% CI; 1.40–1.87), and 2.35 (95% CI: 1.95–2.83), respectively. In summary, our results show that genetic variation in the CLPTM1L-TERT locus of chromosome 5p15.33 is directly associated with the risk of lung cancer, most notably adenocarcinoma

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury with incomplete loss of electromyography signal during monitored thyroidectomy\ue2\u80\u94evaluation and outcome

Purpose: During monitored thyroidectomy, a partially or completely disrupted point of nerve conduction on the exposed recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) indicates true electrophysiologic nerve injury. Complete loss of signal (LOS; absolute threshold value <100\uc2\ua0\uce\ubcV) at the end of operation often indicates a postoperative vocal cord (VC) palsy. However, the evaluation for the injured RLN with incomplete LOS and its functional outcome has not been well described. Methods: Three hundred twenty-three patients with 522 RLNs at risk who underwent standardized monitored thyroidectomy were enrolled. The RLN was routinely stimulated at the most proximal (R2p signal) and distal (R2d signal) ends of exposure after thyroid resection to determine if there was an injured point on the RLN. Pre- and postoperative VC function was routinely examined. Results: Twenty-nine RLNs (5.6\uc2\ua0%) were detected with an injury point. Five nerves had complete LOS and other 24 nerves had incomplete LOS where the R2p/R2d reduction (% of amplitude reduction compared with proximal to distal RLN stimulation) ranged from 22 to 79\uc2\ua0%. Postoperative temporary VC palsy was noted in those five RLNs with complete LOS (final vagal signal, V2 < 100\uc2\ua0\uce\ubcV) and four RLNs with incomplete LOS (R2p/R2d reduction 62\ue2\u80\u9379\uc2\ua0%; V2 181\ue2\u80\u93490\uc2\ua0\uce\ubcV). In the remaining 20 nerves with R2p/R2d reduction \ue2\u89\ua453\uc2\ua0% (V2 373\ue2\u80\u931623\uc2\ua0\uce\ubcV), all showed normal VC mobility. Overall, false negative results were found in two RLNs (0.4\uc2\ua0%) featuring unchanged V2 and R2p/R2d but developed VC palsy. Conclusions: Testing and comparing the R2p/R2d signal is a simple and useful procedure to evaluate RLN injury after its dissection and predict functional outcome. When the relative threshold value R2p/R2d reduction reaches over 60\uc2\ua0%, surgeon should consider the possibility of postoperative VC palsy