Phylogenetic relation of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens

The main idea of this bachelor thesis is to close the phylogenetic relation of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens species issue. The first move is summary of findings in this issue following from fossil records of both species. There are researched findings directly deducing from fossils (for example morphological), but also findings, which can be only speculated from fossils with certain possibility (for example sociological). In conclusion there are given findings meaning similarity, but also difference of both species and in view of these findings there it is analyzed, how much are both species relative and how much they are be classify as one genus. Key words: phylogeny, relation, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, morphology, sociologyCílem této bakalářské práce je přiblížit problematiku fylogenetické příbuznosti mezi druhy Homo neanderthalensis a Homo sapiens. Prvním krokem je shrnutí poznatků o dané problematice vyplývajících z fosilních nálezů obou druhů. Zkoumány jsou zde znaky jednak přímo odvoditelné z fosilií (např. morfologické), tak i znaky, které lze z fosilií jen s určitou pravděpodobností odhadnout (např. sociologické). Na závěr jsou uvedeny znaky dokazující jednak podobnost, tak i odlišnost obou druhů a na základě těchto znaků je zhodnoceno, do jaké míry jsou si oba druhy příbuzné a do jaké míry si tudíž zaslouží být klasifikováni jako jeden druh. Klíčová slova: fylogeneze, příbuznost, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, morfologie, sociologieKatedra učitelství a didaktiky biologieDepartment of Teaching and Didactics of BiologyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

Positional Motion Control by means of 8bit uP

Práce se zabývá polohovým řízením DC motoru Icla D065 firmy SIG Positec Automation GmbH pomocí sběrnice CAN a protokolu CANopen. Jednotlivé části popisují obecné principy a standardy sběrnice CAN a mezinárodně normovaného vysokoúrovňového protokolu pro ovládání systémů CANopen. Pro řízení výše uvedeného motoru byl použit mikrořadič firmy Microchip PIC18F4685 a vývojové prostředí MPLAB® IDE. S využitím programovacího jazyka C byl vytvořen program pro MCU řídící komunikaci s motorem CANopen a ovládání jeho pohybu. Výsledky této diplomové práce budou dále využity při řešení VZ Inteligentní systémy v automatizaci.This thesis deals with positional control of DC motor Icla D065 of company SIG Positec Automation GmbH with aid of CAN-Bus and CANopen protocol. Individual parts describe general principle and standards of CAN-Bus and international normalized higher-level protocol CANopen for systems control. For control this motor was used microcontroller PIC18F4685 from company Microchip and developmental environment MPLAB® IDE. With used C language was made program for MCU control communication with a motor by support of CANopen protocol and its motion control. The result of this thesis will be used in solution of research project Intelligent Systems in Automation.

Production of anchor foot

Předložená bakalářská práce se zabývá návrhem kotevní patky určené k upevnění dřevěných trámů způsobem, který zabraňuje přímému styku trámu s podložím. Je vyráběna z ohnutého plechu konstrukční oceli 1.0038 tloušťky 4 mm ve výrobní sérii 80 000ks/rok. Z jednotlivých variant výroby bylo vybráno stříhání a ohýbání v postupovém nástroji. Na základě technologických, konstrukčních a kontrolních výpočtů byly zkonstruovány nástroje, pro které byla zpracována technická dokumentace. Jako polotovar byla zvolena tabule plechu o rozměrech 4 x 1500 x 3000mm s využitím 94%. Z celkové střižné síly, která vyšla řádově větší než síla ohýbací, byl pro oba nástroje zvolen stejný lis CDCS 2500 P81, který vyrábí firma Dirinler. Ekonomickým zhodnocením byly určeny náklady na výrobu jedné kotevní patky 102,3Kč zahrnující 30 % zisk společnosti. Dle vypočteného bodu zvratu se stane výroba ziskovou po vyrobení 12 106ks.The present bachelor thesis deals with a design of anchor foot used for fixing wooden beams in the manner that, prevents a direct contact of the beam and the subsoil. It is made of bent metal sheet of 4 mm thick steel 1.0038 in the production run of 80 000pcs/year. A combination of shearing and bending at a follow tool was selected from among various options as the most appropriate. On the basis of technological, structural and control calculations, tool were designed and the technical documentation was elaborated. A blank sheet of metal with dimensions of 4 x 1500 x 3000mm (using 94%) was chosen as a semi-finished product. On the basis of the total shearing force, which was greater that the bending force, the same press CDCS 2500 P81 made by the company Dirinler was selected for both tools. Using the economic evaluation, production costs per one anchor foot were calculated in the amount of 102,3CZK, including 30% profit of the company. According to the calculated turning point, the production becomes profitable after manufacture of 12106pcs.

Silicon micro-levers and a multilayer graphene membrane studied via laser photoacoustic detection

Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a method that utilizes the sensing of the pressure waves that emerge upon the absorption of radiation by absorbing species. The use of the conventional electret microphone as a pressure sensor has already reached its limit, and a new type of microphone - an optical microphone -has been suggested to increase the sensitivity of this method. The movement of a micro-lever or a membrane is sensed via a reflected beam of light, which falls onto a position-sensing detector. The use of one micro-lever as a pressure sensor in the form of a silicon cantilever has already enhanced the sensitivity of laser PAS. Herein, we test two types of home-made sensing elements - four coupled silicon micro-levers and a multi-layer graphene membrane - which have the potential to enhance this sensitivity further. Graphene sheets possess outstanding electromechanical properties and demonstrate impressive sensitivity as mass detectors. Their mechanical properties make them suitable for use as micro-/nano-levers or membranes, which could function as extremely sensitive pressure sensors. Graphene sheets were prepared from multilayer graphene through the micromechanical cleavage of basal plane highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. Multilayer graphene sheets (thickness similar to 10(2) nm) were then mounted on an additional glass window in a cuvette for PAS. The movements of the sheets induced by acoustic waves were measured using an He-Ne laser beam reflected from the sheets onto a quadrant detector. A discretely tunable CO2 laser was used as the source of radiation energy for the laser PAS experiments. Sensitivity testing of the investigated sensing elements was performed with the aid of concentration standards and a mixing arrangement in a flow regime. The combination of sensitive microphones and micromechanical/nanomechanical elements with laser techniques offers a method for the study and development of new, reliable and highly sensitive chemical sensing systems. To our knowledge, we have produced the first demonstration of the feasibility of using four coupled silicon micro-levers and graphene membranes in an optical microphone for PAS. Although the sensitivity thus far remains inferior to that of the commercial electret microphone (with an S / N ratio that is 5 times lower), further improvement is expected to be achieved by adjusting the micro-levers and membrane elements, the photoacoustic system and the position detector.Web of Science4110910

Imaging and writing magnetic domains in the non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn

Non-collinear antiferromagnets are revealing many unexpected phenomena and they became crucial for the field of antiferromagnetic spintronics. To visualize and prepare a well-defined domain structure is of key importance. The spatial magnetic contrast, however, remains extraordinarily difficult to be observed experimentally. Here, we demonstrate a magnetic imaging technique based on a laser induced local thermal gradient combined with detection of the anomalous Nernst effect. We employ this method in one the most actively studied representatives of this class of materials—Mn3Sn. We demonstrate that the observed contrast is of magnetic origin. We further show an algorithm to prepare a well-defined domain pattern at room temperature based on heat assisted recording principle. Our study opens up a prospect to study spintronics phenomena in non-collinear antiferromagnets with spatial resolution

Role of polyamines in plant growth regulation of Rht wheat mutants

Besides their protective role, polyamines also serve as signalling molecules. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the polyamine signalling pathways, especially to identify polyamine-regulated mechanisms and their connections with other regulatory molecules. Reduced height (Rht) genes in wheat are often used in breeding programs to increase harvest index. Some of these genes are encoding DELLA proteins playing role in gibberellic acid signalling. The aim of the present paper was to reveal how the mutations in Rht gene modify the polyamine-regulated processes in wheat. Wild type and two Rht mutant genotypes (Rht 1: semi-dwarf; Rht 3: dwarf mutants) were treated with polyamines. Polyamine treatments differently influenced the polyamine metabolism, the plant growth parameters and certain hormone levels (salicylic acid and abscisic acid) in these genotypes. The observed distinct metabolism of Rht 3 may more likely reflect more intensive polyamine exodus from putrescine to spermidine and spermine, and the catabolism of the higher polyamines. The lower root to shoot translocation of putrescine can contribute to the regulation of polyamine pool, which in turn may be responsible for the observed lack of growth inhibition in Rht 3 after spermidine and spermine treatments. Lower accumulation of salicylic acid and abscisic acid, plant hormones usually linked with growth inhibition, in leaves may also be responsible for the diminished negative effect of higher polyamines on the shoot growth parameters observed in Rht 3. These results provide an insight into the role of polyamines in plant growth regulation based on the investigation of gibberellin-insensitive Rht mutants

Party rules, party resources, and the politics of parliamentary democracies: how parties organize in the 21st Century

This article introduces the first findings of the Political Party Database (PPDB) project, a major survey of party organizations in parliamentary and semi-presidential democracies. The project’s first round of data covers 122 parties in 19 countries. In this paper we describe the scope of the database, then investigate what it tells us about contemporary party organization in these countries, focussing on parties’ resources, structures and internal decision-making. We examine organizational patterns by country and party family, and where possible we make temporal comparisons with older datasets. Our analyses suggest a remarkable coexistence of uniformity and diversity. In terms of the major organizational resources on which parties can draw, such as members, staff and finance, the new evidence largely confirms the continuation of trends identified in previous research: i.e., declining membership, but enhanced financial resources and more paid staff. We also find remarkable uniformity regarding the core architecture of party organizations. At the same time, however, we find substantial variation between countries and party families in terms of their internal processes, with particular regard to how internally democratic they are, and in the forms that this democratization takes