Glossa Psycholinguistics

Prediction, both on the syntactic and the semantic level, is a central process in language comprehension. For instance, people predict aspects of event structure based on morphosyntactic markers on verbs: hearing has peeled directs one's attention towards a culminated event, as opposed to an ongoing event. Here, we ask how general this prediction process is, and specifically, whether it extends to cues outside the predicate, using the Hindi split-ergative system as case study. Ergativity allows properties of an event to be predicted on the subject, notably a constituent outside the Verb Phrase. In four studies, we map out the role subject marking plays for prediction of event properties in comprehension. Our results show that in some offline judgments, ergativity is a strong predictor of culminated events; but the cue provided by ergative marking is not taken into account during incremental comprehension, questioning accounts of automatically triggered culmination inferences in ergative constructions as well as providing evidence for a limit of predictive processing

Political Participation and Voice Across MENA Countries

This study explores how informal employment, prevalent across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, impacts political behavior by creating insider–outsider divides. While previous research offers mixed evidence on the relationship between informal employment, voting patterns, and social policy preferences, our analysis reveals a significant and robust negative association between informality and various forms of political mobilization, including petitioning, protesting, and the use of force for political causes. Informal sector workers are less likely to engage politically due to limited resources, organizational constraints, and diminished incentives within exclusionary economic and political systems. Importantly, our findings show that this inverse relationship persists regardless of democratic context, although social assistance programs can partially mediate the effects of informality on political engagement. Our findings emphasize the importance of structural barriers in fostering inclusive political participation and expand the literature on the relationship between labor markets, social policy, and democratization in Global South

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

There is extensive, yet fragmented, evidence of gender differences in academia suggesting that women are underrepresented in most scientific disciplines and publish fewer articles throughout a career, and their work acquires fewer citations. Here, we offer a comprehensive picture of longitudinal gender differences in performance through a bibliometric analysis of academic publishing careers by reconstructing the complete publication history of over 1.5 million gender-identified authors whose publishing career ended between 1955 and 2010, covering 83 countries and 13 disciplines. We find that, paradoxically, the increase of participation of women in science over the past 60 years was accompanied by an increase of gender differences in both productivity and impact. Most surprisingly, though, we uncover two gender invariants, finding that men and women publish at a comparable annual rate and have equivalent career-wise impact for the same size body of work. Finally, we demonstrate that differences in publishing career lengths and dropout rates explain a large portion of the reported career-wise differences in productivity and impact, although productivity differences still remain. This comprehensive picture of gender inequality in academia can help rephrase the conversation around the sustainability of women's careers in academia, with important consequences for institutions and policy makers

Kontingenz und Krise - Institutionenpolitik in kapitalistischen und postsozialistischen Gesellschaften - Claus Offe zu seinem 60. Geburstag.

State capacity to resist powerful predatory economic groups is highly dependent on the way social diversity is represented within the polity. Such state capacity is weak when a single branch of government can usurp the representation of public good between two elections. ln some democracies that I call heterarchies, coalition partners, parties in different houses of the legislature, different levels and branches of government, autonomous state agencies compel executives to take into account diverse modes of representation while making their programs and policies. Such constraints on executive authority allow the state to rise above the direct distribution of powers and interests within the economy. ln the paper I use the Russian case to analyze the relationship between state weakness and the related problems of economic development

SRAVNITELNAYA POLITIKA / COMPARATIVE POLITICS

С конца XIX в. популистские движения составляют весомый компонент политической жизни Венгрии. Попытки оценить популизм оказались такими же неоднозначными, как и попытки описать его, предпринимаемые как политиками, так и наблюдателями. Анализ его эволюции показывает, что он не связан с традиционным делением политических сил на левые и правые, а представляет выражение существующей в обществе неудовлетворенности устоявшимися элитами. В статье демонстрируется меняющийся характер венгерского популизма на различных этапах истории страны. Особое внимание уделяется содержанию и значению популистской политики в современной Венгрии. Since the end of the 19th century, populist movements have been a significant component of Hungarian political life. Attempts to assess populism have been as ambiguous as attempts to describe it by politicians and observers alike. An analysis of its evolution shows that it is not related to the traditional division of political forces into left and right, but represents an expression of the dissatisfaction with the established elites existing in society. The article demonstrates the changing nature of Hungarian populism at different stages of the country's history. Special attention is paid to the content and significance of populist politics in contemporary Hungary

Child Development Perspectives

Research on the development of active learning and information search behaviors has been growing rapidly, drawing interest from multiple disciplines, from developmental psychology to cognitive science and artificial intelligence. These different perspectives can open pathways to understanding how preschool-age children grow into adaptive and efficient active learners. However, the lack of a shared vocabulary, operationalizations, and research paradigms has led to limited cross-talk and some conflicting findings. In this article, we advocate for using a shared operationalization of a “good” information-search strategy, as a function of its efficiency and effectiveness within a given ecology, based on the information-theoretic measure of expected information gain and observed behavioral outcomes, respectively. We also discuss factors that should be considered when designing experiments that examine children's information-search competence, specifically, using formal models as performance benchmarks and accounting for children's prior knowledge, assumptions, and self-generated goals

International Journal of Human Rights

National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) established pursuant to the United Nations Paris Principles play a crucial role in protecting human rights at the domestic level, but they face significant risks of interference and obstruction when carrying out their sensitive functions. International standards recommend that NHRIs’ enabling legislation includes functional immunity provisions to protect them from these risks to their independence and effectiveness. However, presenting the results of the first comprehensive analysis of the functional immunity protections for NHRIs across 111 countries, this article finds that 40% of NHRI laws lacked any such protection provisions, while the remaining provisions were of questionable quality. To protect NHRIs from interference and obstruction, this article proposes a redefinition and strengthening of NHRI functional immunity provisions based on an analysis of existing protection provisions, international recommendations, and comparable immunity protections for judges and parliamentarians. It proposes a new framework for functional immunity that aims to grant NHRI leadership and staff the necessary level of protection against interference and obstruction, which also has wider relevance for other similar domestic bodies