Morphological features of distribution of branches of the ethmoid arteries on from the shape of the orbit

To study the topography of the lattice of the arteries of the labyrinth and their relationship to the form of the orbit was carried out anthropometric measurements by the method of V. N. Shevkunenko, A. M. Eselevich, T. V. Zolotareva, G. N. Toporov. To determine the shape of the orbit was measured by the following parameters: 1 - the height of the entrance to the eye socket - the distance between the upper and lower walls of the orbit; 2 - entrance width - the distance between the inner and outer walls of the orbit; 3 - the depth - the distance between the inner boundary of the entrance into the orbit to the optic canal

Smaller classes promote equitable student participation in STEM

Under embargo until: 2020-07-24As science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classrooms in higher education transition from lecturing to active learning, the frequency of student interactions in class increases. Previous research documents a gender bias in participation, with women participating less than would be expected on the basis of their numeric proportions. In the present study, we asked which attributes of the learning environment contribute to decreased female participation: the abundance of in-class interactions, the diversity of interactions, the proportion of women in class, the instructor's gender, the class size, and whether the course targeted lower division (first and second year) or upper division (third or fourth year) students. We calculated likelihood ratios of female participation from over 5300 student–instructor interactions observed across multiple institutions. We falsified several alternative hypotheses and demonstrate that increasing class size has the largest negative effect. We also found that when the instructors used a diverse range of teaching strategies, the women were more likely to participate after small-group discussions.acceptedVersio

Herbivore removal reduces influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and tolerance in an East African savanna

The functional relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their hosts is variable on small spatial scales. Here, we hypothesized that herbivore exclusion changes the AMF community and alters the ability of AMF to enhance plant tolerance to grazing. We grew the perennial bunchgrass, Themeda triandra Forssk in inoculum from soils collected in the Kenya Long-term Exclosure Experiment where treatments representing different levels of herbivory have been in place since 1995. We assessed AMF diversity in the field, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and compared fungal diversity among treatments. We conducted clipping experiments in the greenhouse and field and assessed regrowth. Plants inoculated with AMF from areas accessed by wild herbivores and cattle had greater biomass than non-inoculated controls, while plants inoculated with AMF from where large herbivores were excluded did not benefit from AMF in terms of biomass production. However, only the inoculation with AMF from areas with wild herbivores and no cattle had a positive effect on regrowth, relative to clipped plants grown without AMF. Similarly, in the field, regrowth of plants after clipping in areas with only native herbivores was higher than other treatments. Functional differences in AMF were evident despite little difference in AMF species richness or community composition. Our findings suggest that differences in large herbivore communities over nearly two decades has resulted in localized, functional changes in AMF communities. Our results add to the accumulating evidence that mycorrhizae are locally adapted and that functional differences can evolve within small geographical areas

An exploration of how plant and soil characteristics shape the Hypericum perforatum microbiome in three habitats

Saint John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum, is a medicinally and ecologically important perennial plant species that has a broad global distribution. Despite the species’ importance, little is known about the factors that structure its microbial communities and the identity of microbes that enhance plant growth and fitness. Here we aim to describe the microbial communities associated with Hypericum perforatum and elucidate factors that structure these communities. We collected H. perforatum root samples in three adjacent habitat types: wet and dry alvars (two types of limestone barren) and fallow agricultural fields (i.e. old-fields), in Jefferson County, New York. We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to characterize the bacterial and fungal root microbiome. We also quantified aspects of the plant phenotype and soil characteristics to evaluate habitat variables that correlate with the root microbiome. Habitat and plant height were correlated with shifts in microbial community composition. We identified two bacterial taxa positively associated with plant height, both belonging to the bacterial phylum Actinobacteria. This work contributes to our understanding of the environmental determinants of microbial community composition and identifies microbial taxa that may be important in promoting plant growth

Fournier-Leveletal_DataSEM

Input file and R scripts used to perform the SEM analysis

Fournier-Leveletal_DataQTLMapping

Input for the QTL mapping performed using the MCQTL software (Jourjon et al.,2006

Smaller classes promote equitable student participation in STEM

© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. As science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classrooms in higher education transition from lecturing to active learning, the frequency of student interactions in class increases. Previous research documents a gender bias in participation, with women participating less than would be expected on the basis of their numeric proportions. In the present study, we asked which attributes of the learning environment contribute to decreased female participation: The abundance of in-class interactions, the diversity of interactions, the proportion of women in class, the instructor\u27s gender, the class size, and whether the course targeted lower division (first and second year) or upper division (third or fourth year) students. We calculated likelihood ratios of female participation from over 5300 student-instructor interactions observed across multiple institutions. We falsified several alternative hypotheses and demonstrate that increasing class size has the largest negative effect. We also found that when the instructors used a diverse range of teaching strategies, the women were more likely to participate after small-group discussions

Smaller classes promote equitable student participation in STEM

As science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classrooms in higher education transition from lecturing to active learning, the frequency of student interactions in class increases. Previous research documents a gender bias in participation, with women participating less than would be expected on the basis of their numeric proportions. In the present study, we asked which attributes of the learning environment contribute to decreased female participation: the abundance of in-class interactions, the diversity of interactions, the proportion of women in class, the instructor's gender, the class size, and whether the course targeted lower division (first and second year) or upper division (third or fourth year) students. We calculated likelihood ratios of female participation from over 5300 student–instructor interactions observed across multiple institutions. We falsified several alternative hypotheses and demonstrate that increasing class size has the largest negative effect. We also found that when the instructors used a diverse range of teaching strategies, the women were more likely to participate after small-group discussions