222 research outputs found
The Impact of Cell Phones and BAC Laws on Motor Vehicle Fatality Rates
This paper develops a set of models for the determinants of automobile fatalities with particular attention devoted to the effects of increased cell phone usage. Cell phones have been associated with both life-taking and life-saving properties. However, prior statistical evaluations of the effects of cell phones have led to fragile results. We develop in this paper econometric models using time series data, allowing for polynomial structures of the regressors. The models are evaluated with a set of specification error tests providing reliable estimates of the effects of the various policy and driving related variables evaluated. The statistical results indicate the effect of cell phones is non-monotonic depending on the volume of phones in use, first having a net life-taking effect, then a net life-saving effect, followed finally with a net life-taking effect as the volume of phone use increases.Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Cell Phones, BAC Laws
Cell phone effect on motor vehicle fatality rates: a Bayesian and classical econometric evaluation
ManuscriptThis paper examines the potential effect of cell phones on motor vehicle fatality rates normalized for other driving related and socioeconomic factors. The model used is nonlinear so as to address both life-taking and life-saving attributes of cell phones. The model is evaluated using classical methods along with Bayesian Extreme Bounds Analysis (EBA). The use of both classical and Bayesian methods diminishes the model and parameter uncertainties which afflict more conventional modeling methods which rely on only one of the two methods. The results indicate the presence of both life-taking and life-saving attributes of cell phones on motor vehicle fatality rates depending on the volume of cell phone subscribers in existence
Sturdy Inference: A Bayesian Analysis of U.S. Motorcycle Helmet Laws
Motorcycle related fatalities continue to be a major concern for public health officials, economists, and policy makers interested in such matters. In 2006, 3% of all motor vehicles registered in the United States were 2-3 wheelers (motorcycle type vehicles), while riders of these vehicles accounted for 11% of vehicle related deaths. Such a disproportionate number of fatalities associated with motorcycles is certainly grounds for concern.Most studies of motorcycle fatalities attribute deaths to the avoidance of wearing helmets and the lack of helmet laws, speed, and alcohol usage. This study makes use of a rich panel data set for the period 1980 to 2010 by state and the District of Columbia to examine these factors and others. It is the first study to differentiate between the effects of universal and partial helmet laws on motorcycle fatalities. It also accounts for the effects of cell phone use, alcohol consumption, and suicidal propensities on these crashes after adjusting for a whole host of socioeconomic and driving related factors. The analysis is conducted using a new Bayesian technique, which examines the sturdiness of regression coefficients. This new method uses statistics referred to as S-values that addresses both estimation and model ambiguity. Results indicate that the variables we focus on, i.e., cell phones, alcohol consumption, and helmet laws affect motorcycle fatalities. Further, universal helmet laws appear to have a larger effect on such fatalities than partial helmet laws
A Model Connecting Galaxy Masses, Star Formation Rates, and Dust Temperatures Across Cosmic Time
We investigate the evolution of dust content in galaxies from redshifts z=0
to z=9.5. Using empirically motivated prescriptions, we model galactic-scale
properties -- including halo mass, stellar mass, star formation rate, gas mass,
and metallicity -- to make predictions for the galactic evolution of dust mass
and dust temperature in main sequence galaxies. Our simple analytic model,
which predicts that galaxies in the early Universe had greater quantities of
dust than their low-redshift counterparts, does a good job at reproducing
observed trends between galaxy dust and stellar mass out to z~6. We find that
for fixed galaxy stellar mass, the dust temperature increases from z=0 to z=6.
Our model forecasts a population of low-mass, high-redshift galaxies with
interstellar dust as hot as, or hotter than, their more massive counterparts;
but this prediction needs to be constrained by observations. Finally, we make
predictions for observing 1.1-mm flux density arising from interstellar dust
emission with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
Determinants of motor vehicle fatalities using classical specification testing and Bayesian sensitivity methods
Working PaperThis paper uses classical regression methods along with Bayesian Extreme Bounds Analysis (EBA) to addresses the effect of cell phones on motor vehicle fatality rates so as to examine the potential of net life-taking and life-saving effects. The models adjust for a time trend (YEAR), the maximum blood alcohol concentration legislation (BAC) required for drunk driving arrests, annual inspection (ANNUAL), the maximum posted rural speed limit (SPEED_RU),a dummy variable indicating the presence of a seat belt law (BELT), per capita consumption of beer (BEER), the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA), the percentage of males aged 16-24 relative to the population of age 16 and over (YOUNG), and various measures of cell phone subscribers (CELL, CELLSQ, CELLCUBE). The measures of cell phones are allowed to enter the model in a nonlinear manner so as to examine the potential of non-monotonic effects of cell phones on motor vehicle fatality rates as suggested by Loeb et al. (forthcoming). The models are estimated using panel data for all fifty states and the District of Columbia for the years 1980 to 2004. The classical and Bayesian estimates correspond well with each other
Inflation and the Scale Dependent Spectral Index: Prospects and Strategies
We consider the running of the spectral index as a probe of both inflation
itself, and of the overall evolution of the very early universe. Surveying a
collection of simple single field inflationary models, we confirm that the
magnitude of the running is relatively consistent, unlike the tensor amplitude,
which varies by orders of magnitude. Given this target, we confirm that the
running is potentially detectable by future large scale structure or 21 cm
observations, but that only the most futuristic measurements can distinguish
between these models on the basis of their running. For any specified
inflationary scenario, the combination of the running index and unknown
post-inflationary expansion history induces a theoretical uncertainty in the
predicted value of the spectral index. This effect can easily dominate the
statistical uncertainty with which Planck and its successors are expected to
measure the spectral index. More positively, upcoming cosmological experiments
thus provide an intriguing probe of physics between TeV and GUT scales by
constraining the reheating history associated with any specified inflationary
model, opening a window into the "primordial dark age" that follows the end of
inflation.Comment: 32 pages. v2 and v3 Minor reference updates /clarification
CANDELS Observations of the Structural Properties and Evolution of Galaxies in a Cluster at z=1.62
We discuss the structural and morphological properties of galaxies in a
z=1.62 proto-cluster using near-IR imaging data from Hubble Space Telescope
Wide Field Camera 3 data of the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Deep Extragalactic
Legacy Survey (CANDELS). The cluster galaxies exhibit a clear color-morphology
relation: galaxies with colors of quiescent stellar populations generally have
morphologies consistent with spheroids, and galaxies with colors consistent
with ongoing star formation have disk-like and irregular morphologies. The size
distribution of the quiescent cluster galaxies shows a deficit of compact (<
1kpc), massive galaxies compared to CANDELS field galaxies at z=1.6. As a
result the cluster quiescent galaxies have larger average effective sizes
compared to field galaxies at fixed mass at greater than 90% significance.
Combined with data from the literature, the size evolution of quiescent cluster
galaxies is relatively slow from z~1.6 to the present, growing as
(1+z)^(-0.6+/-0.1). If this result is generalizable, then it implies that
physical processes associated with the denser cluster region seems to have
caused accelerated size growth in quiescent galaxies prior to z=1.6 and slower
subsequent growth at z<1.6 compared to galaxies in the lower density field. The
quiescent cluster galaxies at z=1.6 have higher ellipticities compared to lower
redshift samples at fixed mass, and their surface-brightness profiles suggest
that they contain extended stellar disks. We argue the cluster galaxies require
dissipationless (i.e., gas-poor or "dry") mergers to reorganize the disk
material and to match the relations for ellipticity, stellar mass, size, and
color of early-type galaxies in z<1 clusters.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 14 pages in emulateapj format.
Replacement includes improvements from referee report, and updates and
additions to reference
Dependence as a Unifying Construct in Defining Alzheimer's Disease Severity
This article reviews measures of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression in relation to patient dependence and offers a unifying conceptual framework for dependence in AD. Clinicians typically characterize AD by symptomatic impairments in three domains: cognition, function, and behavior. From a patient's perspective, changes in these domains, individually and in concert, ultimately lead to increased dependence and loss of autonomy. Examples of dependence in AD range from a need for reminders (early AD) to requiring safety supervision and assistance with basic functions (late AD). Published literature has focused on the clinical domains as somewhat separate constructs and has given limited attention to the concept of patient dependence as a descriptor of AD progression. This article presents the concept of dependence on others for care needs as a potential method for translating the effect of changes in cognition, function, and behavior into a more holistic, transparent description of AD progression
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