Geodatadays 2022

Les GéoDataDays constituent un évènement national indépendant dédié à la géographie numérique en France. Ces rencontres annuelles sont organisées par l’AFIGÉO et DécryptaGéo depuis cinq ans, en partenariat avec une plateforme régionale d’information géographique et des collectivités territoriales. Au cœur de cet évènement, le Groupement de recherche CNRS MAGIS, consacré à la géomatique, co-organise depuis trois ans un concours, les CHALLENGES GEODATA, qui vise à faire connaître et à récompens..

Effect of adiponectin on bovine granulosa cell steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation and embryo development

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adiponectin is an adipokine, mainly produced by adipose tissue. It regulates several reproductive processes. The protein expression of the adiponectin system (adiponectin, its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 and the APPL1 adaptor) in bovine ovary and its role on ovarian cells and embryo, remain however to be determined.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Here, we identified the adiponectin system in bovine ovarian cells and embryo using RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we investigated in vitro the effects of recombinant human adiponectin (10 micro g/mL) on proliferation of granulosa cells (GC) measured by [3H] thymidine incorporation, progesterone and estradiol secretions measured by radioimmunoassay in the culture medium of GC, nuclear oocyte maturation and early embryo development.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that the mRNAs and proteins for the adiponectin system are present in bovine ovary (small and large follicles and corpus luteum) and embryo. Adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were more precisely localized in oocyte, GC and theca cells. Adiponectin increased IGF-1 10(-8) M-induced GC proliferation (P < 0.01) but not basal or insulin 10(-8) M-induced proliferation. Additionally, adiponectin decreased insulin 10(-8) M-induced, but not basal or IGF-1 10(-8) M-induced secretions of progesterone (P < 0.01) and estradiol (P < 0.05) by GC. This decrease in insulin-induced steroidogenesis was associated with a decrease in ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation in GC pre-treated with adiponectin. Finally, addition of adiponectin during in vitro maturation affected neither the percentage of oocyte in metaphase-II nor 48-h cleavage and blastocyst day 8 rates.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In bovine species, adiponectin decreased insulin-induced steroidogenesis and increased IGF-1-induced proliferation of cultured GC through a potential involvement of ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, whereas it did not modify oocyte maturation and embryo development in vitro.</p

MATER protein expression and intracellular localization throughout folliculogenesis and preimplantation embryo development in the bovine

BACKGROUND: Mater (Maternal Antigen that Embryos Require), also known as Nalp5 (NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 5), is an oocyte-specific maternal effect gene required for early embryonic development beyond the two-cell stage in mouse. We previously characterized the bovine orthologue MATER as an oocyte marker gene in cattle, and this gene was recently assigned to a QTL region for reproductive traits. RESULTS: Here we have analyzed gene expression during folliculogenesis and preimplantation embryo development. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on bovine ovarian section revealed that both the transcript and protein are restricted to the oocyte from primary follicles onwards, and accumulate in the oocyte cytoplasm during follicle growth. In immature oocytes, cytoplasmic, and more precisely cytosolic localization of MATER was confirmed by immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy. By real-time PCR, MATER messenger RNA was observed to decrease strongly during maturation, and progressively during the embryo cleavage stages; it was hardly detected in morulae and blastocysts. The protein persisted after fertilization up until the blastocyst stage, and was mostly degraded after hatching. A similar predominantly cytoplasmic localization was observed in blastomeres from embryos up to 8-cells, with an apparent concentration near the nuclear membrane. CONCLUSION: Altogether, these expression patterns are consistent with bovine MATER protein being an oocyte specific maternal effect factor as in mouse

Differential regulation of abundance and deadenylation of maternal transcripts during bovine oocyte maturation in vitro and in vivo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In bovine maturing oocytes and cleavage stage embryos, gene expression is mostly controlled at the post-transcriptional level, through degradation and deadenylation/polyadenylation. We have investigated how post transcriptional control of maternal transcripts was affected during in vitro and in vivo maturation, as a model of differential developmental competence.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using real time PCR, we have analyzed variation of maternal transcripts, in terms of abundance and polyadenylation, during in vitro or in vivo oocyte maturation and in vitro embryo development. Four genes are characterized here for the first time in bovine: ring finger protein 18 (<it>RNF18</it>) and breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 (<it>BCAR4</it>), whose oocyte preferential expression was not previously reported in any species, as well as Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (<it>MELK</it>) and <it>STELLA</it>. We included three known oocyte marker genes (Maternal antigen that embryos require (<it>MATER</it>), Zygote arrest 1 (<it>ZAR1</it>), NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 9 (<it>NALP9</it>)). In addition, we selected transcripts previously identified as differentially regulated during maturation, peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 (<it>PRDX1, PRDX2</it>), inhibitor of DNA binding 2 and 3 (<it>ID2</it>, <it>ID3</it>), cyclin B1 (<it>CCNB1</it>), cell division cycle 2 (<it>CDC2</it>), as well as Aurora A (<it>AURKA</it>). Most transcripts underwent a moderate degradation during maturation. But they displayed sharply contrasted deadenylation patterns that account for variations observed previously by DNA array and correlated with the presence of a putative cytoplasmic polyadenylation element in their 3' untranslated region. Similar variations in abundance and polyadenylation status were observed during in vitro maturation or in vivo maturation, except for <it>PRDX1</it>, that appears as a marker of in vivo maturation. Throughout in vitro development, oocyte restricted transcripts were progressively degraded until the morula stage, except for <it>MELK </it>; and the corresponding genes remained silent after major embryonic genome activation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Altogether, our data emphasize the extent of post-transcriptional regulation during oocyte maturation. They do not evidence a general alteration of this phenomenon after in vitro maturation as compared to in vivo maturation, but indicate that some individual messenger RNA can be affected.</p

Spatio-temporal expression patterns of aurora kinases a, B, and C and cytoplasmic polyadenylation-element-binding protein in bovine oocytes during meiotic maturation.

International audienceMaturation of immature bovine oocytes requires cytoplasmic polyadenylation and synthesis of a number of proteins involved in meiotic progression and metaphase-II arrest. Aurora serine-threonine kinases--localized in centrosomes, chromosomes, and midbody--regulate chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in somatic cells. In frog and mouse oocytes, Aurora A regulates polyadenylation-dependent translation of several mRNAs such as MOS and CCNB1, presumably by phosphorylating CPEB, and Aurora B phosphorylates histone H3 during meiosis. We analyzed the expression of three Aurora kinase genes--AURKA, AURKB, and AURKC--in bovine oocytes during meiosis by reverse transcription followed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunodetection. Aurora A was the most abundant form in oocytes, both at mRNA and protein levels. AURKA protein progressively accumulated in the oocyte cytoplasm during antral follicle growth and in vitro maturation. AURKB associated with metaphase chromosomes. AURKB, AURKC, and Thr-phosphorylated AURKA were detected at a contractile ring/midbody during the first polar body extrusion. CPEB, localized in oocyte cytoplasm, was hyperphosphorylated during prophase/metaphase-I transition. Most CPEB degraded in metaphase-II oocytes and remnants remained localized in a contractile ring. Roscovitine, U0126, and metformin inhibited meiotic divisions; they all induced a decrease of CCNB1 and phospho-MAPK3/1 levels and prevented CPEB degradation. However, only metformin depleted AURKA. The Aurora kinase inhibitor VX680 at 100 nmol/L did not inhibit meiosis but led to multinuclear oocytes due to the failure of the polar body extrusion. Thus, in bovine oocyte meiosis, massive destruction of CPEB accompanies metaphase-I/II transition, and Aurora kinases participate in regulating segregation of the chromosomes, maintenance of metaphase-II, and formation of the first polar body

Conception d'un système modulaire de collecte de données embarqué sur le drone marin PAMELI

International audienceThe PAMELI project (Multidimensional Autonomous Platform for Interdisciplinary Littoral Exploration) focuses on the repeated observation of environmental parameters such as physico-chemical parameters of the water column (Ph, salinity, conductivity), water depth and precise altimetry using a marine drone. This project first developed in Pertuis Charentais, since July 2018. One of the challenges of this project is to design an information system for data collection that is robust, reliable and flexible, ie to guarantee the good conditions for archiving and replaying data according to FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable).This poster details the solutions put in place in an embedded information system to ensure this level of data quality requirements, and to meet the constraints of this embedded system (low energy resources, no Internet access, sensors removable, scalable and heterogeneous in their mode of communication). In particular, it shows how the operators of the drone can visualize the collected data in real time to intervene quickly in case of failure, or record annotations during the mission of the drone that will adjust the data qualification methods.Le projet PAMELI (Plateforme Autonome Multicapteurs pour l'Exploration Littorale Interdisciplinaire) porte sur l'observation répétée des paramètres environnementaux tels que les paramètres physico-chimiques de la colonne d'eau (Ph, salinité, conductivité), la profondeur d'eau et l'altimétrie précise à l'aide d'un drone marin. Ce projet se développe dans un premier temps dans les Pertuis Charentais, depuis juillet 2018. Un des enjeux de ce projet est de concevoir un système d'information pour la collecte des données qui soit robuste, fiable et flexible, i.e. permettant de garantir les bonnes conditions d'archivage et de rediffusion des données suivant les principes du FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable). Ce poster détaille donc les solutions mises en place dans un système d’information embarqué pour assurer ce niveau d’exigences concernant la qualité des données, et de répondre aux contraintes de ce système embarqué (faibles ressources énergétiques, pas d’accès Internet, capteurs amovibles, évolutifs et hétérogènes dans leur mode de communication). En particulier, il montre comment les opérateurs du drone peuvent visualiser les données collectées en temps réel pour intervenir rapidement en cas de panne, ou enregistrer des annotations durant la mission du drone qui permettront d’ajuster les méthodes de qualification des données

Zygote arrest 1 gene in pig, cattle and human: evidence of different transcript variants in male and female germ cells

BACKGROUND: Zygote arrest 1 (ZAR1) is one of the few known oocyte-specific maternal-effect genes essential for the beginning of embryo development discovered in mice. This gene is evolutionary conserved in vertebrates and ZAR1 protein is characterized by the presence of atypical plant homeobox zing finger domain, suggesting its role in transcription regulation. This work was aimed at the study of this gene, which could be one of the key regulators of successful preimplantation development of domestic animals, in pig and cattle, as compared with human. METHODS: Screenings of somatic cell hybrid panels and in silico research were performed to characterize ZAR1 chromosome localization and sequences. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to obtain full-length cDNAs. Spatio-temporal mRNA expression patterns were studied using Northern blot, reverse transcription coupled to polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: We demonstrated that ZAR1 is a single copy gene, positioned on chromosome 8 in pig and 6 in cattle, and several variants of correspondent cDNA were cloned from oocytes. Sequence analysis of ZAR1 cDNAs evidenced numerous short inverted repeats within the coding sequences and putative Pumilio-binding and embryo-deadenylation elements within the 3'-untranslated regions, indicating the potential regulation ways. We showed that ZAR1 expressed exclusively in oocytes in pig ovary, persisted during first cleavages in embryos developed in vivo and declined sharply in morulae and blastocysts. ZAR1 mRNA was also detected in testis, and, at lower level, in hypothalamus and pituitary in both species. For the first time, ZAR1 was localized in testicular germ cells, notably in round spermatids. In addition, in pig, cattle and human only shorter ZAR1 transcript variants resulting from alternative splicing were found in testis as compared to oocyte. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that in addition to its role in early embryo development highlighted by expression pattern of full-length transcript in oocytes and early embryos, ZAR1 could also be implicated in the regulation of meiosis and post meiotic differentiation of male and female germ cells through expression of shorter splicing variants. Species conservation of ZAR1 expression and regulation underlines the central role of this gene in early reproductive processes

Exhaustion of bacteria-specific CD4 T cells and microbial translocation in common variable immunodeficiency disorders.

In the present study, we have investigated the functional profile of CD4 T cells from patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), including production of cytokines and proliferation in response to bacteria and virus-derived antigens. We show that the functional impairment of CD4 T cells, including the reduced capacity to proliferate and to produce IFN-γ and IL-2, was restricted to bacteria-specific and not virus-specific CD4 T cells. High levels of endotoxins were found in the plasma of patients with CVID, suggesting that CD4 T cell dysfunction might be caused by bacterial translocation. Of note, endotoxemia was associated with significantly higher expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD4 T cells. The blockade of the PD-1-PD-L1/2 axis in vitro restored CD4 T cell proliferation capacity, thus indicating that PD-1 signaling negatively regulates CD4 T cell functions. Finally, we showed that intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) treatment significantly reduced endotoxemia and the percentage of PD-1(+) CD4 T cells, and restored bacteria-specific CD4 T cell cytokine production and proliferation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the CD4 T cell exhaustion and functional impairment observed in CVID patients is associated with bacterial translocation and that IVIG treatment resolves bacterial translocation and restores CD4 T cell functions

Urban Climate, Human behavior & Energy consumption: from LCZ mapping to simulation and urban planning (the MapUCE project)

International audienceThe MApUCE project aims to integrate in urban policies and most relevant legal documents quantitative data from urban microclimate, climate and energy.The primary objective of this project is to obtain climate and energy quantitative data from numerical simulations, focusing on urban microclimate and building energy consumption in the residential and service sectors, which represents in France 41% of the final energy consumption. Both aspects are coupled as building energy consumption is highly meteorologically dependent (e.g. domestic heating, air-conditioning) and heat waste impact the Urban Heat Island. We propose to develop, using national databases, a generic and automated method for generating Local Climate Zones (LCZ) for all cities in France, including the urban architectural, geographical and sociological parameters necessary for energy and microclimate simulations.As will be presented, previous projects on adaptation of cities to climate change have shown that human behavior is a very potent level to address energy consumption reduction, as much as urban forms or architectural technologies. Therefore, in order to further refine the coupled urban climate and energy consumption calculations, we will develop within TEB (and its Building Energy Module) a model of energy consumer behavior.The second objective of the project is to propose a methodology to integrate quantitative data in urban policies. Lawyers analyze the potential levers in legal and planning documents. A few “best cases” are also studied, in order to evaluate their performances. Finally, based on urban planning agencies requirements, we will define vectors to include quantified energy-climate data to legal urban planning documents. These vectors have to be understandable by urban planners and contain the relevant information.To meet these challenges, the project is organized around strongly interdisciplinary partners in the following fields: law, urban climate, building energetics, architecture, sociology, geography and meteorology, as well as the national federation of urban planning agencies.In terms of results, the cross-analysis of input urban parameters and urban micro-climate-energy simulated data will be available on-line as standardized maps for each of the studied cities. The urban parameter production tool as well as the models will be available as open-source. LCZ and associated urban (and social!) indicators may be integrated within the WUDAPT database

QR-CODE PROJECT : Towards better traceability of field sampling data

Ensuring traceability of field experimental data or laboratory sampling data to conduct reproducible research is a challenge at the present time. Between the time when geolocalized specimens (biotic or abiotic) are taken, and the time the resulting data ends up in analysis published with a study, many manual operations take place and may generate errors. The French LTSER have joined forces at the national level to propose a solution as generic as possible to this problem of monitoring of the samples and the data associated with them. Compared to existing solutions (such as Laboratory Information Management Systems), we target a robust labeling solution adapted to outdoor working conditions, with the management of stocks and movements of samples. We designed and realized a prototype tested from end to end, using an open source software, cheap Zebra printers (mobile or not) and raspberries as devices. This solution provides sufficient flexibility for the wide variety of existing protocols. In strength is the record of all contextual data associated with the samples, which constitute important parameters of the subsequent analyses. At last, not only traceability is guaranteed, but also a gain of time and a rationalization of the storage of samples that will induce a return on investment