Characteristics and correlates of seclusion and mechanical restraint measures in a Parisian psychiatric hospital group

IntroductionSeclusion or restraint (S/R) are last-resort measures used in psychiatry to ensure the safety of the patient and the staff. However, they have harmful physical and psychological effects on patients, and efforts to limit their use are needed. We describe the characteristics and correlates of S/R events in four Parisian psychiatric centers.MethodsWithin a 3-month period, November 5, 2018 to February 3, 2019, we recorded data for patients experiencing an S/R measure as well as characteristics of the measures. We studied the mean duration of a S/R event, the time between hospital admission and the occurrence of the event, as well as correlates of these durations. We also examined factors associated with use of a restraint versus a seclusion measure.ResultsFor the 233 patients included, we recorded 217 seclusion measures and 64 mechanical restraints. Seclusion measures mostly occurred after the patient’s transfer from the emergency department. The duration of a seclusion measure was about 10 days. Patients considered resistant to psychotropic treatments more frequently had a longer seclusion duration than others. The mean duration of a mechanical restraint measure was 4 days. Male sex and younger age were associated with experiencing mechanical restraint.DiscussionS/R measures mostly occur among patients perceived as resistant to psychotropic drugs who are arriving from the emergency department. Developing specific emergency department protocols might be useful in limiting the use of coercive measures

North-south gradients in plasma concentrations of B-vitamins and other components of one-carbon metabolism in Western Europe: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study.

Different lifestyle patterns across Europe may influence plasma concentrations of B-vitamins and one-carbon metabolites and their relation to chronic disease. Comparison of published data on one-carbon metabolites in Western European regions is difficult due to differences in sampling procedures and analytical methods between studies. The present study aimed, to compare plasma concentrations of one-carbon metabolites in Western European regions with one laboratory performing all biochemical analyses. We performed the present study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort among 5446 presumptively healthy individuals. Quantile regression was used to compare sex-specific median concentrations between Northern (Denmark and Sweden), Central (France, Germany, The Netherlands and United Kingdom) and Southern (Greece, Spain and Italy) European regions. The lowest folate concentrations were observed in Northern Europe (men, 10·4 nmol/l; women, 10·7 nmol/l) and highest concentrations in Central Europe. Cobalamin concentrations were slightly higher in Northern Europe (men, 330 pmol/l; women, 352 pmol/l) compared with Central and Southern Europe, but did not show a clear north-south gradient. Vitamin B₂ concentrations were highest in Northern Europe (men, 22·2 nmol/l; women, 26·0 nmol/l) and decreased towards Southern Europe (P trend< 0·001). Vitamin B(6) concentrations were highest in Central Europe in men (77·3 nmol/l) and highest in the North among women (70·4 nmol/l), with decreasing concentrations towards Southern Europe in women (P trend< 0·001). In men, concentrations of serine, glycine and sarcosine increased from the north to south. In women, sarcosine increased from Northern to Southern Europe. These findings may provide relevant information for the study of regional differences of chronic disease incidence in association with lifestyle

Dietary intakes and food sources of phenolic acids in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study

Phenolic acids are secondary plant metabolites that may have protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer in experimental studies. To date, limited data exist on the quantitative intake of phenolic acids. We estimated the intake of phenolic acids and their food sources and associated lifestyle factors in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Phenolic acid intakes were estimated for 36 037 subjects aged 35-74 years and recruited between 1992 and 2000 in ten European countries using a standardised 24 h recall software (EPIC-Soft), and their food sources were identified. Dietary data were linked to the Phenol-Explorer database, which contains data on forty-five aglycones of phenolic acids in 452 foods. The total phenolic acid intake was highest in Aarhus, Denmark (1265·5 and 980·7 mg/d in men and women, respectively), while the intake was lowest in Greece (213·2 and 158·6 mg/d in men and women, respectively). The hydroxycinnamic acid subclass was the main contributor to the total phenolic acid intake, accounting for 84·6-95·3 % of intake depending on the region. Hydroxybenzoic acids accounted for 4·6-14·4 %, hydroxyphenylacetic acids 0·1-0·8 % and hydroxyphenylpropanoic acids ≤ 0·1 % for all regions. An increasing south-north gradient of consumption was also found. Coffee was the main food source of phenolic acids and accounted for 55·3-80·7 % of the total phenolic acid intake, followed by fruits, vegetables and nuts. A high heterogeneity in phenolic acid intake was observed across the European countries in the EPIC cohort, which will allow further exploration of the associations with the risk of diseases

Dietary intakes of individual flavanols and flavonols are inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes in European populations.

Dietary flavanols and flavonols, flavonoid subclasses, have been recently associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Europe. Even within the same subclass, flavonoids may differ considerably in bioavailability and bioactivity. We aimed to examine the association between individual flavanol and flavonol intakes and risk of developing T2D across European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study was conducted in 8 European countries across 26 study centers with 340,234 participants contributing 3.99 million person-years of follow-up, among whom 12,403 incident T2D cases were ascertained and a center-stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals was defined. We estimated flavonoid intake at baseline from validated dietary questionnaires using a database developed from Phenol-Explorer and USDA databases. We used country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and random-effects meta-analysis methods to estimate HRs. Among the flavanol subclass, we observed significant inverse trends between intakes of all individual flavan-3-ol monomers and risk of T2D in multivariable models (all P-trend < 0.05). We also observed significant trends for the intakes of proanthocyanidin dimers (HR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.92; P-trend = 0.003) and trimers (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.04; P-trend = 0.07) but not for proanthocyanidins with a greater polymerization degree. Among the flavonol subclass, myricetin (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93; P-trend = 0.001) was associated with a lower incidence of T2D. This large and heterogeneous European study showed inverse associations between all individual flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins with a low polymerization degree, and the flavonol myricetin and incident T2D. These results suggest that individual flavonoids have different roles in the etiology of T2D.The EPIC-InterAct Study was supported by the European Union (Integrated Project LSHM-CT-2006-037197 in the Framework Programme 6 of the European Community). In addition, InterAct investigators acknowledge funding from the following agencies: R.Z.-R. was supported by a postdoctoral program Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS; no. CD09/00133) from the Spanish Ministry of Science; R.Z.-R. and C.A.G. were supported by the Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health (RTICC DR06/0020/0091); core support from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit is acknowledged for program MC_UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_12015/5; Y.T.v.d.S. was supported by NL Agency grant IGE05012 and an Incentive Grant from the Board of the UMC Utrecht (Netherlands); A.M.W.S. and D.L.v.d.A. were supported by the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON, World Cancer Research Fund, and Statistics Netherlands; T.J.K. and K.-T.K. were supported by Cancer Research UK; G.F., M.T., and F.P. were supported by Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, INSERM; G.M. was supported by Ministero della Salute Regione Toscana Progetto Integrato Oncologia–PIO; P.W.F. was supported by the Swedish Research Council, Novo Nordisk, the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, and the Swedish Diabetes Association; L.B., K.O., N.R., and A.T. were supported by the Danish Cancer Society; V.K. and T.K. were supported by Deutsche Krebshilfe; A.M. was supported by Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro; M.L.R. was supported by the Asturias Regional Government; M.G., P.A., E.M.-M., and M.J.T. were supported by the Health Research Fund of the Spanish Ministry of Health, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (Spain); M.J.T. was supported by the Murcia Regional Government; and R.T. was supported by AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS-Ragusa, the Sicilian Regional Government.This is the final published version distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which can also be found on the publisher's website at: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/144/3/335.ful

Public Health and Participation Directorate, Health and Health Care Services Council, Asturias, Spain, 17 Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain, 18 Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, Basque Regional Health Department

Abstract Background: The effect of the macronutrient composition of the usual diet on long term weight maintenance remains controversial

Hormonal and anthropometric factors associated with depression in postmenopausal women : results from the E3N cohort

Contexte – La dépression est le trouble mental le plus répandu, mais son étiologie et les facteurs de risque qui lui sont associés demeurent encore largement inconnus, notamment en post-ménopause. Une influence des facteurs hormonaux et anthropométriques est fortement suggérée sur le risque de symptômes dépressifs (SDS) mais pourrait être différente selon que les SDS en post-ménopause ont été précédés d’un antécédent de trouble psychologique (SDS récurrents) ou non (SDS isolés). Objectif – Les données de la cohorte française E3N ont été utilisées pour évaluer les associations entre les facteurs reproductifs endogènes, l’utilisation de traitements hormonaux de la ménopause (THM), les mesures anthropométriques, la corpulence au cours de la vie, et le risque de SDS chez les femmes post-ménopausées. Résultats – Nos résultats suggèrent que la parité est associée à une diminution de risque, tandis que l’irrégularité des cycles en pré-ménopause et les antécédents de symptômes de la ménopause sont associés à un augmentation de risque de SDS en post-ménopause. Une ménopause plus tardive pourrait avoir un effet bénéfique sur le risque de SDS isolés ou précédés d’un premier trouble en post-ménopause. Notre étude n’a cependant pas mis en évidence d’effet bénéfique à long terme des THM sur les SDS, bien que, chez les utilisatrices en cours, la durée de prise de traitement et la voie orale étaient associées à une diminution de risque de SDS isolé. Un poids ou un indice de masse corporelle élevé n’étaient associés qu’aux SDS récurrents. En revanche, les femmes de plus faible poids ou ayant un faible indice de masse corporelle, mais aussi celles ayant un rapport tour de taille/tour de hanches élevé, avaient un risque augmenté de SDS. Enfin, nos résultats suggèrent que des facteurs anthropométriques précoces, tels qu’un poids de naissance élevé ou une forte corpulence dans l’enfance, peuvent également être associés au risque de SDS isolés en post-ménopause. Les femmes ayant un faible poids de naissance ou dont la corpulence augmentait fortement à la puberté pourraient d’autre part être à risque de SDS récurrents.Conclusion – Notre étude suggère que les associations entre les facteurs hormonaux et anthropométriques et les SDS en post-ménopause dépendent de l’histoire psychologique des femmes et proposent ainsi de nouvelles hypothèses. Ces résultats demandent cependant à être reproduits dans des études prospectives qui permettraient d’apporter de nouveaux arguments en faveur de la causalité.Background – Depression is the most common mental disorder, but its etiology and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women remains largely unknown. A relationship between hormonal or anthropometric factors and severe depressive symptoms (SDS) has been suggested but could vary according to whether postmenopausal SDS are preceded by a psychological disorder (recurrent SDS) or not (isolated SDS).Objective – We used data from the French E3N cohort to examine the associations of endogenous reproductive factors, the use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), different anthropometric measures and body silhouettes throughout life with the risk of SDS in postmenopausal women.Results – Our results suggest that parity is associated with a lower risk, and that menstrual cycle irregularity and menopausal symptoms are associated with a higher risk of postmenopausal SDS. A later age at menopause could have a beneficial effect on isolated SDS or when SDS are preceded by a first psychological disorder in postmenopause. Our study was not able to show an inverse association between long-term MHT use and SDS, although longer MHT duration or oral MHT could have a beneficial effect on isolated SDS in women who were currently using MHT. A higher weight or body-mass index were only associated with recurrent SDS. However, women with a low weight or a low body-mass index, as well as those with a high waist-to-hip ratio had a higher risk of SDS. Finally, our results suggest that early anthropometric factors, such as a high birth weight or a high body-size in childhood could also be associated with a higher risk of isolated SDS. On the other hand, women with a low birth weight or whose silhouette grew strongly at puberty could be at higher risk of recurrent SDS.Conclusion – Our study suggest that associations between hormonal and anthropometric factors and postmenopausal SDS could differ according to women psychological history. New results of large prospective studies are warranted to argue for causality

Facteurs hormonaux et anthropométriques associés à la dépression chez la femme en post-ménopause : résultats de la cohorte E3N

Background – Depression is the most common mental disorder, but its etiology and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women remains largely unknown. A relationship between hormonal or anthropometric factors and severe depressive symptoms (SDS) has been suggested but could vary according to whether postmenopausal SDS are preceded by a psychological disorder (recurrent SDS) or not (isolated SDS).Objective – We used data from the French E3N cohort to examine the associations of endogenous reproductive factors, the use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), different anthropometric measures and body silhouettes throughout life with the risk of SDS in postmenopausal women.Results – Our results suggest that parity is associated with a lower risk, and that menstrual cycle irregularity and menopausal symptoms are associated with a higher risk of postmenopausal SDS. A later age at menopause could have a beneficial effect on isolated SDS or when SDS are preceded by a first psychological disorder in postmenopause. Our study was not able to show an inverse association between long-term MHT use and SDS, although longer MHT duration or oral MHT could have a beneficial effect on isolated SDS in women who were currently using MHT. A higher weight or body-mass index were only associated with recurrent SDS. However, women with a low weight or a low body-mass index, as well as those with a high waist-to-hip ratio had a higher risk of SDS. Finally, our results suggest that early anthropometric factors, such as a high birth weight or a high body-size in childhood could also be associated with a higher risk of isolated SDS. On the other hand, women with a low birth weight or whose silhouette grew strongly at puberty could be at higher risk of recurrent SDS.Conclusion – Our study suggest that associations between hormonal and anthropometric factors and postmenopausal SDS could differ according to women psychological history. New results of large prospective studies are warranted to argue for causality.Contexte – La dépression est le trouble mental le plus répandu, mais son étiologie et les facteurs de risque qui lui sont associés demeurent encore largement inconnus, notamment en post-ménopause. Une influence des facteurs hormonaux et anthropométriques est fortement suggérée sur le risque de symptômes dépressifs (SDS) mais pourrait être différente selon que les SDS en post-ménopause ont été précédés d’un antécédent de trouble psychologique (SDS récurrents) ou non (SDS isolés). Objectif – Les données de la cohorte française E3N ont été utilisées pour évaluer les associations entre les facteurs reproductifs endogènes, l’utilisation de traitements hormonaux de la ménopause (THM), les mesures anthropométriques, la corpulence au cours de la vie, et le risque de SDS chez les femmes post-ménopausées. Résultats – Nos résultats suggèrent que la parité est associée à une diminution de risque, tandis que l’irrégularité des cycles en pré-ménopause et les antécédents de symptômes de la ménopause sont associés à un augmentation de risque de SDS en post-ménopause. Une ménopause plus tardive pourrait avoir un effet bénéfique sur le risque de SDS isolés ou précédés d’un premier trouble en post-ménopause. Notre étude n’a cependant pas mis en évidence d’effet bénéfique à long terme des THM sur les SDS, bien que, chez les utilisatrices en cours, la durée de prise de traitement et la voie orale étaient associées à une diminution de risque de SDS isolé. Un poids ou un indice de masse corporelle élevé n’étaient associés qu’aux SDS récurrents. En revanche, les femmes de plus faible poids ou ayant un faible indice de masse corporelle, mais aussi celles ayant un rapport tour de taille/tour de hanches élevé, avaient un risque augmenté de SDS. Enfin, nos résultats suggèrent que des facteurs anthropométriques précoces, tels qu’un poids de naissance élevé ou une forte corpulence dans l’enfance, peuvent également être associés au risque de SDS isolés en post-ménopause. Les femmes ayant un faible poids de naissance ou dont la corpulence augmentait fortement à la puberté pourraient d’autre part être à risque de SDS récurrents.Conclusion – Notre étude suggère que les associations entre les facteurs hormonaux et anthropométriques et les SDS en post-ménopause dépendent de l’histoire psychologique des femmes et proposent ainsi de nouvelles hypothèses. Ces résultats demandent cependant à être reproduits dans des études prospectives qui permettraient d’apporter de nouveaux arguments en faveur de la causalité

Mental Health and Service Use of Migrants in Contact with the Public Psychiatry System in Paris

Background: Migrants, and particularly asylum seekers, are at increased risk of psychiatric disorders in comparison with natives. At the same time, inequalities in access to mental health care are observed. Methods: In order to evaluate whether the Parisian public psychiatric system is optimally structured to meet the needs of this population, we examined data on mental health and service use considering three different levels: the global system treatment level, a psychiatric reception center, and mobile teams specializing in access to psychiatric care for asylum seekers. Results: We found higher treatment rates among migrants than among natives (p &lt; 0.001) but inequalities in pathways to care: more mandatory admissions (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02&ndash;1.80) and fewer specialized consultations (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.38&ndash;0.81). We observed a mismatch between increased need and provision of care among migrants without stable housing or seeking asylum. Conclusions: Inequalities in the provision of care for migrants are observed in the Parisian public psychiatric system, particularly for those experiencing poor social and economic conditions. There is a need to facilitate access to mental health care and develop more tailored interventions to reduce discontinuity of care

Association of parenting with suicidal ideation and attempts in children and youth: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Abstract Background Suicide is a leading cause of death in children and youth, with suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts (referred to as non-fatal suicidal behaviors (NFSB)) being among its strongest predictors. Positive parenting (e.g., warmth, responsiveness), negative parenting (e.g., control, hostility), and parent-child relationship quality (e.g., trust, communication) have been reported to be associated with differences in NFSB in this population. To date, no comprehensive systematic review has considered together the wide range of parenting factors studied in relation to NFSB, and no meta-analysis of existing findings has been conducted. The present study will critically appraise and synthesize the existing evidence from observational studies that examine the relationships between parenting factors and (i) suicidal ideation and (ii) suicide attempt in children and youth. Methods Studies will be retrieved from APA PsycInfo, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases. Retrospective, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies, conducted in clinical and population settings, among youth aged less than 25 years and published as articles and dissertations in English or French will be eligible. Two reviewers will select articles using the Covidence Software after title and abstract screening and full-text assessment, will extract information using double data entry, and will appraise studies’ quality using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Any disagreements will be discussed with a third reviewer. Publication bias will be evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s test. In addition to a narrative summary of results, meta-analyses will be conducted using results from at least three studies. Three-level random effect models will allow to derive pooled estimates from dependent effect sizes (from the same sample or study). In case of significant heterogeneity, moderation analyses will be performed considering participants’ characteristics and methodological aspects of studies. The results will be reported according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the certainty of evidence will be assessed using the GRADE approach. Discussion In highlighting parenting factors associated with NFSB and in estimating the overall strength of these associations in children and youth, our results will inform further intervention and prevention strategies designed for young people experiencing NFSB and their families. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD4202016534

Individual- and Family-Level Associations between Child Psychopathology and Parenting

Parenting can protect against the development of, or increase risk for, child psychopathology; however, it is unclear if parenting is related to psychopathology symptoms in a specific domain, or to broad liability for psychopathology. Parenting differs between and within families, and both overall family-level parenting and the specific parenting a child receives may be important in estimating transdiagnostic associations with psychopathology. Data come from a cross-sectional epidemiological sample (N = 10,605 children ages 4-17 in 6,434 households). Parents rated child internalizing and externalizing symptoms and their parenting towards each child. General and specific (internalizing, externalizing) factors, derived from a bifactor model, were regressed on parenting using multilevel modelling. Less warmth and more harsh/inconsistent parenting in the family, and toward a child specifically, were associated with higher general psychopathology and specific externalizing problems. Unexpectedly, more warmth in the family, and toward a child specifically, was associated with higher specific internalizing problems in 4-11 year-olds (not 12-17 year-olds). Less warmth and more harsh/inconsistent parenting are broad correlates of child psychopathology. Harsh/inconsistent parenting, is also related to specific externalizing problems. Parents may behave more warmly when their younger children have specific internalizing problems, net of overall psychopathology