Quantum Mechanics on a background modulo observation

In this work we will answer the following question: What remains of Quantum Mechanics when we transform the background space-time into a space modularized by observation or measurement regions ? This new moduli space is constructed by identifying regions of space-time where quantum phase comparison (observation, measurement) is implied. We call it Observation Modular space (OM-space). In addition we replace in QM statements the Plank constant (h) by the quantity $\zeta_0 4 \pi^2$ (where $\zeta_0$ is the Plank Length) or otherwise, replacing $P_0$ (the Planck Momentum) by $4 \pi^2$. This maps Quantum Mechanics into a very rich dual Number Theory which we call Observation Modular Quantum Mechanics (OM-QM). We find the OM-dual to the Dirac Equation, the quantum Wave Function and a free particle's mass. The OM-QM counterparts of the Energy turns out to be a simple function of the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function. We also find the OM-QM correspondents to the electron spin, the electron charge, the Electric Field and the Fine Structure Constant. We also find the OM-QM correspondents of the Heisemberg uncertainty relation and Einstein's General Relativity Field equation emerging as certain limits of a unique OM-QM equation. We also get the OM-QM correspondents of the Gravitational Constant and the Cosmological Constant. We find the analog of holography in the OM-QM side and we get an interpretation of spin as a high dimensional curvature. An interpretation of the OM-QM correspondence is proposed as giving the part of QM information which is not measurement or observation dependent. Some potential future applications of this correspondence are discussed.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figure

Regulation Of Hepatic Trb3/akt Interaction Induced By Physical Exercise And Its Effect On The Hepatic Glucose Production In An Insulin Resistance State

To maintain euglycemia in healthy organisms, hepatic glucose production is increased during fasting and decreased during the postprandial period. This whole process is supported by insulin levels. These responses are associated with the insulin signaling pathway and the reduction in the activity of key gluconeogenic enzymes, resulting in a decrease of hepatic glucose production. On the other hand, defects in the liver insulin signaling pathway might promote inadequate suppression of gluconeogenesis, leading to hyperglycemia during fasting and after meals. The hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, the transcription cofactor PGC1-alpha, and the transcription factor Foxo1 have fundamental roles in regulating gluconeogenesis. The loss of insulin action is associated with the production of pro-inflammatory biomolecules in obesity conditions. Among the molecular mechanisms involved, we emphasize in this review the participation of TRB3 protein (a mammalian homolog of Drosophila tribbles), which is able to inhibit Akt activity and, thereby, maintain Foxo1 activity in the nucleus of hepatocytes, inducing hyperglycemia. In contrast, physical exercise has been shown as an important tool to reduce insulin resistance in the liver by reducing the inflammatory process, including the inhibition of TRB3 and, therefore, suppressing gluconeogenesis. The understanding of these new mechanisms by which physical exercise regulates glucose homeostasis has critical importance for the understanding and prevention of diabetes.

Early Cardiac Mitochondrial Molecular and Functional Responses to Acute Anthracycline Treatment in Wistar Rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer drug widely used to treat human and nonhuman tumors but the late and persistent cardio-toxicity reduces the therapeutic utility of the drug. The full mechanism(s) of DOX-induced acute, subchronic and delayed toxicity, which has a preponderant mitochondrial component, remains unclear; therefore, it is clinically relevant to identify early markers to identify patients who are predisposed to DOX-related cardiovascular toxicity. To address this, Wistar rats (16 weeks old) were treated with a single DOX dose (20 mg/kg, i.p.); then, mRNA, protein levels and functional analysis of mitochondrial endpoints were assessed 24 h later in the heart, liver, and kidney. Using an exploratory data analysis, we observed cardiac-specific alterations after DOX treatment for mitochondrial complexes III, IV, and preferentially for complex I. Conversely, the same analysis revealed complex II alterations are associated with DOX response in the liver and kidney. Interestingly, H2O2 production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as loss of calcium-loading capacity, markers of subchronic toxicity, were not reliable indicators of acute DOX cardiotoxicity in this animal model. By using sequential principal component analysis and feature correlation analysis, we demonstrated for the first time alterations in sets of transcripts and proteins, but not functional measurements, that might serve as potential early acute markers of cardiac-specific mitochondrial toxicity, contributing to explain the trajectory of DOX cardiac toxicity and to develop novel interventions to minimize DOX cardiac liabilities

Gamma-decanolactone: Preliminary evaluation as potential antiparkinsonian drug

Treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) includes the use of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor drugs. In this work we have evaluated the possible gamma-decanolactone (GD) effect in vitro to inhibit the A and B isoforms of human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) enzyme and their citotoxicity in human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Also, binding studies to A1, A2A A2B and A3 adenosine receptors were performed. A docking study of gamma-decanolactone has been carried out with the molecular targets of MAO-A and MAO-B isoforms. The physicochemical properties and ability to cross physiological barriers, as the blood brain barrier (BBB), was elucidated by computational studies. The in vivo assays, the rota-rod test, body temperature assessment and open field test were performed in reserpinized mice (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.; 18:00 before) to evaluate the effect of gamma-decanolactone (300 mg/kg), alone or associated with Levodopa plus Benserazide (LD + BZ, 100:25 mg/kg, i.p.). Gamma-decanolactone inhibited preferentially the MAO-B in a reversible manner, with an inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) 55.95 ± 9.06 μM. It was shown to be a safe drug since only at the highest concentration decreased the viability of HepG2 cells. It also does not bind to adenosine receptors investigated in this study. The molecular docking study show that the gamma-decanolactone ligand adopts a relatively compact conformation in the active site of hMAO-B, while we note an extended conformation of gamma-decanolactone ligand in the hMAO-A isoform. The physicochemical properties obtained, and the theoretical models utilized for the evaluation of ability to cross the BBB, predict a good gamma-decanolactone bioavailability and access to the central nervous system (CNS). In the in vivo studies, gamma-decanolactone partially reversed the ataxia of the reserpinized mice at 01:00 h and 01:30 h post-administration. Concomitant treatment of gamma-decanolactone with LD + BZ, at 01:30 h showed a potentiation of the reversibility of ataxia and facilitated the reversal of hypothermia caused by reserpine for all measured times (P <0.01 vs vehicle), except at 24:00 h, but not reversed the hypokinesia in the open field test. In summary, the results herein obtained and in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that gamma-decanolactone could be a drug with potential utility as antiparkinsonian drug.This research was partially supported by: - The Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES; grant number 88881.198095/2018-01) -The PDSE-CAPES program that financed the exchange with USC (P. Pflüger). - The USC General Mobility Program Grant for visiting professor (P. Pereira) - The financial support (ED431G 2019/02) from the Xunta de Galicia (Centro singular de investigacion de Galicia accreditation 2019-2022) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund - ERDF). acknowledged.2021-06-23S

Ohmic heating in a food application: quality evaluation of cloudberry jam

New techniques for food processing are areas of interest for the food industry and ohmic heating is an example of a new technique where there are many possible applications in the food area. The aim of this work was to characterize and compare quality aspects of high quality cloudberry jam with 70 weight-% berries produced on one hand by traditional batch processing technique and on the other hand by ohmic heating in a continuous process. Sensory analysis was performed on the two jams by a trained panel. In order to investigate the consumer opinions in different countries a consumer study was performed including 402 consumers from the four countries Sweden, Portugal, Ireland and Slovakia. Rheological properties of the jam were also measured. The results showed that there were no significant differences for any of the sensory attributes between the jam produced by traditional technique and the jam produced by ohmic heating. The results from the consumer study showed that in all four countries, the appearance, odour, flavour, texture, aftertaste and overall quality of both jams were liked to the same extent. However, differences in liking cloudberry jam differed between the participating countries. The Swedish and the Portuguese consumers were in general giving higher scores on the liking of the cloudberry jams than the Slovakian and Irish consumers. There were no differences found between the two jams according to the rheological properties of the samples. The results indicated that it was possible to maintain the same quality of cloudberry jam produced by ohmic heating as of cloudberry jam produced in a traditional way

The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants

[EN] Aim of study: Recently, the development of almond crops on a global scale has increased their area under cultivation. The demand for both plants and products that stimulate the growth of almond trees has therefore become increasingly necessary. Accordingly, in this project we have studied the response in the vegetative and root systems of almond trees with different rootstocks to varying inputs of several root stimulants. Area of study: Valencia (Spain) Material and methods: Several different organic biostimulants were studied in isolation, i.e. not combined with synthetic chemical fertilizers, in order to ascertain if chemical fertilizers could be at least partially replaced. Main results: Good results were obtained by applying a biostimulant composed of organic matter rich in saccharides and carboxylates. Using an approach that enabled a distinguishing between them, plant radicular systems were shown to respond differently according to the biostimulant applied and the rootstock tested. The best results were obtained with a biostimulant composed of organic matter from corn hydrolysis and containing free amino acids and extracts from algae, as well as 0.07% zeaxanthins. Research highlights: Although biostimulants are promoters of young almond tree growth, they should be applied to only partially replace chemical fertilizers. The present paper shows the importance of using an organic-origin biostimulant, as a complement to chemical nutritionMondragón-Valero, A.; Malheiro, R.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Martinez-Tome, J.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I. (2020). The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research (Online). 18(4):1-11. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020184-14787S111184Apone F, Tito A, Carola A, Arciello S, Tortora A, Filippini L, 2010. A mixture of peptides and sugars derived from plant cell walls increases plant defense responses to stress and attenuates ageing-associated molecular changes in cultured skin cells. J Biotech 145: 367-376.Basak A, 2008. Effect of preharvest treatment with seaweed products, Kelpak® and Goëmar BM 86®, on fruit quality in apple. Inter J Fruit Sci 8: 1-14.Battacharyya D, Babgohari MZ, Rathor P, Prithiviraj B, 2015. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants in horticulture. Sci Hortic 196: 39-48.Bernhard R, Grasselly C, 1981. Les pêchers x amandiers. Arb Fruit 328: 37-42.Bi G, Scagel C, Cheng L, Dong S, Fuchigami L, 2003. Spring growth of almond nursery trees depends upon nitrogen from both plant reserves and spring fertilizer application. J Hortic Sci Biotech 78: 853-858.Burns AM, Zitt MA, Rowe CC, Langkamp-Henken B, Mai V, Nieves C, et al., 2016. Diet quality improves for parents and children when almonds are incorporated into their daily diet: a randomized, crossover study. Nutr Res 36: 80-89.Bussi C, Huguet J, Besset J, Girard T, 1995. Rootstock effects on the growth and fruit yield of peach. Eur J Agron 4: 387-393.Chen SK, Edwards CA, Subler S, 2003. The influence of two agricultural biostimulants on nitrogen transformations, microbial activity, and plant growth in soil microcosms. Soil Biol Biochem 35: 9-19.Chouliaras V, Tasioula M, Chatzissavvidis C, Therios I, Tsabolatidou E, 2009. The effects of a seaweed extract in addition to nitrogen and boron fertilization on productivity, fruit maturation, leaf nutritional status and oil quality of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar Koroneiki. J Sci Food Agric 89: 984-988.Deliopoulos T, Kettlewell P, Hare M, 2010. Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts. A review. Crop Prot 29: 1059-1075.Enz M, Dachler CH, 1997. Compendium of growth stage identification keys for mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Extended BBCH scale. A joint publication of BBA, BSA, IGZ, IVA, AgrEvo, BASF, Bayer, Novartis. 94 pp.Ertani A, Cavani L, Pizzeghello D, Brandellero E, Altissimo A, Ciavatta C, Nardi S, 2009. Biostimulant activity of two protein hydrolyzates in the growth and nitrogen metabolism of maize seedlings. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 172: 237-244.Espada J, Romero J, Cmuñas F, Alonso J, 2013. Nuevos patrones para el melocotonero: mejora de la eficiencia y calidad del fruto. Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.European Biostimulants Industry Council, 2018. Economic overview of biostimulants sector in Europe. http://www.biostimulants.eu/.Felipe A, 2009. Felinem, Garnem and Monegro almond x peach hybrid rootstocks. HortScience 44: 196-197.Forcada C, Gogorcena Y, Moreno M, 2012. Agronomical and fruit quality traits of two peach cultivars on peach-almond hybrid rootstocks growing on Mediterranean conditions. Sci Hortic 140: 157-163.Gómez-Aparisi J, Carrera M, Felipe A, Socias I Company R, 2001. Garnem, Monegro y Felinem: Nuevos patrones híbridos almendro x melocotonero, resistentes a nematodos y de hoja roja para frutales de hueso. Inf Téc Econ Agrar 97: 282-288.Goss M, Miller M, Bailey L, Grant C, 1993. Root growth and distribution in relation to nutrient availability and uptake. Eur J Agron 2: 57-67.INC, 2019. Global statistical review 2017-2018. International Nut and Dried Fruit Council, Reus, Spain.Khan W, Rayirath UP, Subramanian S, Jithesh MN, Rayorath P, Hodges DM, et al., 2009. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J Plant Growth Reg 28: 386-399.Lopus SE, Santibañez MP, Beede RH, Duncan RA, Edstrom J, Niederholzer FJA, et al., 2010. Survey examines the adoption of perceived best management practices for almond nutrition. Calif Agric 64: 149-154.Mondragón-Valero A, Lopéz-Cortés I, Salazar DM, Córdova PF, 2017. Physical mechanisms produced in the development of nursery almond trees (Prunus dulcis Miller) as a response to the plant adaptation to different substrates. Rhizosphere 3: 44-49.Moreno M, Gogorcena Y, Pinochet J, 2008. Mejora y selección de patrones de prunus tolerantes a estreses abióticos. In: La adaptación al ambiente y los estreses abióticos en la mejora vegetal, pp. 451-475. Junta de Andalucía, Dirección General de Planificación y Análisis de Mercados, Servicio de Publicaciones y Divulgación, Sevilla.Muhammad S, Luedeling E, Brown P, 2009. A nutrient budget approach to nutrient management in almond. XVI Proc Int Plant Nutr Col, California (USA), pp: 1-9.Nardi S, Pizzeghello D, Schiavon M, Ertani A, 2016. Plant biostimulants: physiological responses induced by protein hydrolyzed-based products and humic substances in plant metabolism. Sci Agric 73: 18-23.Olivares FL, Busato JG, Paula AM, Lima LS, Aguiar NO, Canellas LP, 2017. Plant growth promoting bacteria and humic substances: crop promotion and mechanisms of action. Chem Biol Tech Agric 4: 30.Pinochet J, 2010. 'Replantpac' (Rootpac R), a plum-almond hybrid rootstock for replant situations. HortScience 45: 299-301.Pinochet J, Bordas M, Torrents J, 2011. ROOTPAC R: un nuevo portainjerto de Prunus para situaciones de replante. Revista de Fruticultura 15: 4-10.Pizzeghello D, Francioso O, Ertani A, Muscolo A, Nardi S, 2013. Isopentenyladenosine and cytokinin-like activity of different humic substances. J Geochem Expl 129: 70-75.Rayorath P, Jithesh M. Farid A, Khan W, Palanisamy R, 2008. Rapid bioassays to evaluate the plant growth promoting activity of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. using a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. J Appl Phycol 20: 423-429.Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Bonini P, Colla G, 2017. Synergistic action of a microbial-based biostimulant and a plant derived-protein hydrolysate enhances lettuce tolerance to alkalinity and salinity. Front Plant Sci 8: 131.Salazar D, Melgarejo P, 2002. El cultivo del almendro. Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, Spain. 307 pp.Scaglia B, Pognani M, Adani F, 2017. The anaerobic digestion process capability to produce biostimulant: the case study of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) vs. auxin-like property. Sci Total Environ 589: 36-45.Sotomayor C, Castro J, Bustos E, 2008. Nuevos portainjertos para Chile. Rev Agron For UC 35: 22-26.Vargas F, Romero M, Altea N, 1985. Porte-greffe d'amandier: Aspects importants des programmes de Centre Agropecuari Mas Bové. GREMPA, colloque 1985. CIHEAM, Paris. Opt Mediterr Sér Etudes 1985-I: 61-68. http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/s09/CI010822.pdfVernieri P, Borghesi E, Ferrante A, Magnani G, 2005. Application of biostimulants in floating system for improving rocket quality. J Food Agric Environ 3: 86-88.Wells C, Labranche A, Mccarty L, Skipper H, 2003. Biostimulants encourage strong root growth. Turfgrass Trend 59: 56-59.Williams L, Smith R, 1991. The effect of rootstocck on the partitioning of dry weight, nitrogen and potassium and root distribution of cabernet sauvignon grapevines. Am J Enol Vitic 42: 118-112.Zhang X, Ervin E, 2004. Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance. J Appl Phycol 44: 1737-1745