Insectos del Mioceno inferior de Ribesalbes (Castellón, España). Interacciones planta-insecto

This paper carries out the study of ichnofossils originated by insects found in the Lower Miocene locality of 'La Rinconada', near Ribesalbes (Province of Castellón, Spain). The main fossil record is integrated by plant-insect interactions that are observed in leaves and leaflets: ovipositions, mines and a chew mark. The insect ovipositions, on leaves of Laurophyllum, Caesalpiniaceae and Populus, show ovate to oblong eggs with 0.9-1.1 mm length and 0.2-0.3 mm width. They occur in eccentric arcs, sometimes with a zigzagged pattern. These ovipositions were produced by damselflies of the family Coenagrionidae. Insect mines are reported in leaves of Laurophyllum and Celtis?, and show a blotch shape in Laurophyllum sp., with a channel-structure, and a linear shape in Celtis sp.? Insect larvae, which were endophytophagous, i.e. internal plant parasites, produced these channel marks of leaf-mines. The mine patterns observed in Laurophyllum leaf are similar to those produced by the recent larvae of the Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera). Such a diverse set of plant-insect interactions are uncommon in the fossil record. In addition, one level with bioturbation, possibly produced by aquatic larval chironomids, is also described here. Key words: Insecta, Odonata, Coenagrionidae, ovipositions, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, leaf-mines, leaf chew marks, Miocene, Spain.En el presente trabajo se realiza el estudio de icnofósiles originados por insectos que se han encontrado en el yacimiento de 'La Rinconada', del Mioceno Inferior, en Ribesalbes (Castellón). El registro fósil más importante está constituido por interacciones planta-insecto observadas en hojas y folíolos: puestas, minas y una marca de mordedura en el margen foliar. Las puestas, en hojas de Laurophyllum, Caesalpiniaceae y Populus, muestran huevos con una forma aovada-oblonga con una longitud de 0,9-1,1 mm y una anchura de 0,2-0,3 mm. Su disposición muestra un patrón linear y curvo, ocasionalmente las líneas se disponen en zigzag. Estas ovoposiciones fueron producidas por odonatos de la familia Coenagrionidae. Las minas han sido observadas en hojas de Laurophyllum y Celtis?, y tienen forma de mancha en Laurophyllum sp., con estructura de galería, y una forma linear en Celtis sp.? Estas marcas de minas en las hojas fueron producidas por larvas endofitófagas que por ello eran también parásitos internos de las plantas. Los patrones de las minas en la hoja de Laurophyllum son similares a los producidos actualmente por larvas de la familia Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera). Las diferentes interacciones entre plantas e insectos aquí descritas son poco comunes en el registro fósil. Asimismo, se describe un nivel con bioturbación debida a larvas acuáticas de insectos, posiblemente quironómidos. Palabras clave: Insecta, Odonata, Coenagrionidae, puestas, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, hojas minadas, marcas de mordedura, Mioceno, España

Insectos del Mioceno Inferior de Ribesalbes (Castellón, España). Hymenoptera

This paper studies a significant part of the fossil hymenopterous of the Lower Miocene locality of 'La Rinconada', near Ribesalbes (Province of Castellón, Spain), housed in several collections. Formicidae studied by other authors in the early eighties are reviewed. New additions to the study of hymenopterans are new specimens assigned to the following taxa: Tiphiidae indet., Ammophila aff. sabulosa (Sphecidae), Bombus sp. (Apidae), Helconinae (Braconidae), cf. Eucerotinae (Ichneumonidae) and Pteromalidae indet., together with several undetermined forms of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. Except for Formicidae, all these taxa are uncommon in the fossil record. At Ribesalbes, they are represented by single specimens, except for the two specimens of the genus Bombus. Taphonomic observations are included and two useful methods for the study of compressed fossil insects affected by tectonic deformation are proposed. Key words: Insecta, Hymenoptera, Lacustrine environment, Lower Miocene, Spain.En el presente trabajo se realiza el estudio de una parte importante de los himenópteros fósiles del yacimiento del Mioceno Inferior de 'La Rinconada', en Ribesalbes (Castellón), presentes en varias colecciones. Se realiza una revisión de los Formicidae estudiados por otros autores a principios de los 80. Se añaden al estudio de los himenópteros nuevos ejemplares que han sido incluidos en los siguientes taxones: Tiphiidae indet., Ammophila aff. sabulosa (Sphecidae), Bombus sp. (Apidae), Helconinae (Braconidae), cf. Eucerotinae (Ichneumonidae) y Pteromalidae indet., así como varias formas indeterminadas de las familias Braconidae e Ichneumonidae. Todos estos taxa, a excepción de los Formicidae, son poco comunes en el registro fósil. En Ribesalbes estos taxa están representados por un único ejemplar, a excepción de los dos especímenes del género Bombus. Se incluyen observaciones de tipo tafonómico y se proponen dos métodos útiles para el estudio de insectos fósiles en compresión que han experimentado deformaciones tectónicas, como es el caso de los insectos de Ribesalbes. Palabras clave: Insecta, Hymenoptera, Medio lacustre, Mioceno Inferior, España

Unusual concentration of Early Albian arthropod-bearing amber in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (El Soplao, Cantabria, Northern Spain) : palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiological implications

The El Soplao site is a recently-discovered Early Albian locality of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (northern Spain) that has yielded a number of amber pieces with abundant bioinclusions. The amber-bearing deposit occurs in a non-marine to transitional marine siliciclastic unit (Las Peñosas Formation) that is interleaved within a regressive-transgressive, carbonate-dominated Lower Aptian-Upper Albian marine sequence. The Las Peñosas Formation corresponds to the regressive stage of this sequence and in its turn it splits into two smaller regressive-transgressive cycles. The coal and amber-bearing deposits occur in deltaic-estuarine environments developed during the maximum regressive episodes of these smaller regressive-transgressive cycles. The El Soplao amber shows Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy spectra similar to other Spanish Cretaceous ambers and it is characterized by the profusion of sub-aerial, stalactite-like flows. Well-preserved plant cuticles assigned to the conifer genera Frenelopsis and Mirovia are abundant in the beds associated with amber. Leaves of the ginkgoalean genera Nehvizdya and Pseudotorellia also occur occasionally. Bioinclusions mainly consist of fossil insects of the orders Blattaria, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, although some spiders and spider webs have been observed as well. Some insects belong to groups scarce in the fossil record, such as a new morphotype of the wasp Archaeromma (of the family Mymarommatidae) and the biting midge Lebanoculicoides (of the monogeneric subfamily Lebanoculicoidinae). This new amber locality constitutes a very significant finding that will contribute to improving the knowledge and comprehension of the Albian non-marine paleoarthropod fauna

ESR1 gene promoter region methylation in free circulating DNA and its correlation with estrogen receptor protein expression in tumor tissue in breast cancer patients

[Background] Tumor expression of estrogen receptor (ER) is an important marker of prognosis, and is predictive of response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Several studies have observed that epigenetic events, such methylation of cytosines and deacetylation of histones, are involved in the complex mechanisms that regulate promoter transcription. However, the exact interplay of these factors in transcription activity is not well understood. In this study, we explored the relationship between ER expression status in tumor tissue samples and the methylation of the 5′ CpG promoter region of the estrogen receptor gene (ESR1) isolated from free circulating DNA (fcDNA) in plasma samples from breast cancer patients. [Methods] Patients (n = 110) with non-metastatic breast cancer had analyses performed of ER expression (luminal phenotype in tumor tissue, by immunohistochemistry method), and the ESR1-DNA methylation status (fcDNA in plasma, by quantitative methylation specific PCR technique). [Results] Our results showed a significant association between presence of methylated ESR1 in patients with breast cancer and ER negative status in the tumor tissue (p = 0.0179). There was a trend towards a higher probability of ESR1-methylation in those phenotypes with poor prognosis i.e. 80% of triple negative patients, 60% of HER2 patients, compared to 28% and 5.9% of patients with better prognosis such as luminal A and luminal B, respectively. [Conclusion] Silencing, by methylation, of the promoter region of the ESR1 affects the expression of the estrogen receptor protein in tumors of breast cancer patients; high methylation of ESR1-DNA is associated with estrogen receptor negative status which, in turn, may be implicated in the patient’s resistance to hormonal treatment in breast cancer. As such, epigenetic markers in plasma may be of interest as new targets for anticancer therapy, especially with respect to endocrine treatment.The study was funded, in part, by a grant from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (CICYT: SAF 2004–00889)

"Invisible burials" and fragmentation practices in Iron Age Europe:Excavations at the Monte Bernorio Necropolis (Northern Spain)

The scarcity of burial remains in large parts of Iron Age Europe, particularly in the Atlantic regions, has often led scholars to discuss the apparent “invisibility” of graves. This paper presents the results from several excavation campaigns at Monte Bernorio, one of the most important sites of the 1st millennium b.c. on the Iberian Peninsula. The fieldwork and post-excavation work carried out in the area of the necropolis have identified numerous burial pits, with complex ritual activities characterized by fragmentation and the practice of the pars pro toto. In addition, evidence for later rituals in some of the graves can be linked to ancestor worship. The results provide important insights into funerary practices in Late Iron Age Europe, leading us to rethink the very meaning of cemeteries in the study area and beyond.- Burial Traditions in Iron Age Europe - The Monte Bernorio Archaeological Zone - The 2007–2008 Necropolis Excavations - The 2015–2016 Necropolis Excavations - Post-Excavation Work and Interpretation: The Faunal and Human Remains - Structure and Chronology of Monte Bernorio Area 7 - Destruction of the Body, Commemoration in the Absence of a Corpse, and Visibility of the Mortuary Rite

Low-mass dark matter search with CDMSlite

The SuperCDMS experiment is designed to directly detect weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) that may constitute the dark matter in our Galaxy. During its operation at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, germanium detectors were run in the CDMSlite mode to gather data sets with sensitivity specifically for WIMPs with masses <10 GeV=c2. In this mode, a higher detector-bias voltage is applied to amplify the phonon signals produced by drifting charges. This paper presents studies of the experimental noise and its effect on the achievable energy threshold, which is demonstrated to be as low as 56 eVee (electron equivalent energy). The detector-biasing configuration is described in detail, with analysis corrections for voltage variations to the level of a few percent. Detailed studies of the electric-field geometry, and the resulting successful development of a fiducial parameter, eliminate poorly measured events, yielding an energy resolution ranging from ∼9 eVee at 0 keV to 101 eVee at ∼10 keVee. New results are derived for astrophysical uncertainties relevant to the WIMP-search limits, specifically examining how they are affected by variations in the most probable WIMP velocity and the Galactic escape velocity. These variations become more important for WIMP masses below 10 GeV=c2. Finally, new limits on spin-dependent low-mass WIMP-nucleon interactions are derived, with newparameter space excluded for WIMP masses≲3 GeV=c2

A spontaneous ad hoc network to share www access

In this paper, we propose a secure spontaneous ad-hoc network, based on direct peer-to-peer interaction, to grant a quick, easy, and secure access to the users to surf the Web. The paper shows the description of our proposal, the procedure of the nodes involved in the system, the security algorithms implemented, and the designed messages. We have taken into account the security and its performance. Although some people have defined and described the main features of spontaneous ad-hoc networks, nobody has published any design and simulation until today. Spontaneous networking will enable a more natural form of wireless computing when people physically meet in the real world. We also validate the success of our proposal through several simulations and comparisons with a regular architecture, taking into account the optimization of the resources of the devices. Finally, we compare our proposal with other caching techniques published in the related literature. The proposal has been developed with the main objective of improving the communication and integration between different study centers of low-resource communities. That is, it lets communicate spontaneous networks, which are working collaboratively and which have been created on different physical places.Authors want to give thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions, useful comments, and proofreading of this paper. This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain, under Grant no. TIN2008-06441-C02-01, and by the "Ayudas complementarias para proyectos de I+D para grupos de calidad de la Generalitat Valenciana" (ACOMP/2010/005).Lacuesta Gilaberte, R.; Lloret, J.; García Pineda, M.; Peñalver Herrero, ML. (2010). A spontaneous ad hoc network to share www access. 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Changes to the Fossil Record of Insects through Fifteen Years of Discovery

The first and last occurrences of hexapod families in the fossil record are compiled from publications up to end-2009. The major features of these data are compared with those of previous datasets (1993 and 1994). About a third of families (>400) are new to the fossil record since 1994, over half of the earlier, existing families have experienced changes in their known stratigraphic range and only about ten percent have unchanged ranges. Despite these significant additions to knowledge, the broad pattern of described richness through time remains similar, with described richness increasing steadily through geological history and a shift in dominant taxa, from Palaeoptera and Polyneoptera to Paraneoptera and Holometabola, after the Palaeozoic. However, after detrending, described richness is not well correlated with the earlier datasets, indicating significant changes in shorter-term patterns. There is reduced Palaeozoic richness, peaking at a different time, and a less pronounced Permian decline. A pronounced Triassic peak and decline is shown, and the plateau from the mid Early Cretaceous to the end of the period remains, albeit at substantially higher richness compared to earlier datasets. Origination and extinction rates are broadly similar to before, with a broad decline in both through time but episodic peaks, including end-Permian turnover. Origination more consistently exceeds extinction compared to previous datasets and exceptions are mainly in the Palaeozoic. These changes suggest that some inferences about causal mechanisms in insect macroevolution are likely to differ as well