Expression profile of EXP, Succ-CoA and ALDH genes in soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruits during ripening in response to refrigeration conditions

254-262Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a climacteric fruit characterized by its rapid softening. Although many studies have improved the understanding of postharvest shelf life in soursop, the expression of genes involved in the loss of flesh firmness, organic acids and acetaldehyde metabolism are less well understood. We evaluated the expression profile of genes related to fruit softening, tricarboxylic acid cycle and acetaldehyde metabolism during ripening of soursop fruit stored at 28 ± 2oC and 15 ± 2oC. The fruit stored at 15 ± 2ºC prolonged the postharvest shelf life up to 9 days and showed higher firmness at 3 days compared to those stored at 28 ± 2ºC. Moreover, the postharvest storage at 15 ± 2ºC induced the expression of expansin (EXP),  succinyl CoA ligase (Succ-CoA) and aldehyde dehydrogenases  (ALDH) genes at 3 days. On the other hand, we recorded an increase in the gene expression of EXP and Succ-CoA at 6 days in fruit stored at 28 ± 2ºC. Based on the different gene expression patterns, we concluded that the postharvest storage at 15 ± 2ºC triggers the expression of EXP, Succ-CoA and ALDH genes at the early stages of soursop ripening. This suggests their role in cell disorganization, organic acids, acetaldehyde metabolism as well as in response to refrigeration during ripening

The ArcB Sensor Kinase of Escherichia coli Autophosphorylates by an Intramolecular Reaction▿

The Arc two-component system, comprising the ArcB sensor kinase and the ArcA response regulator, modulates the expression of numerous genes in response to the respiratory conditions of growth. ArcB is a tripartite histidine kinase whose activity is regulated by the oxidation of two cytosol-located redox-active cysteine residues that participate in intermolecular disulfide bond formation. Here we show that ArcB autophosphorylates through an intramolecular reaction which diverges from the usually envisaged intermolecular autophosphorylation of homodimeric histidine kinases

Requirement of the Receiver and Phosphotransfer Domains of ArcB for Efficient Dephosphorylation of Phosphorylated ArcA In Vivo

The Arc two-component system, comprising the ArcB sensor kinase and the ArcA response regulator, modulates the expression of numerous genes in response to the respiratory conditions of growth. Under anoxic growth conditions, ArcB autophosphorylates and transphosphorylates ArcA, which in turn represses or activates its target operons. Under aerobic growth conditions, phosphorylated ArcA (ArcA-P) dephosphorylates and its transcriptional regulation is released. The dephosphorylation of ArcA-P has been shown to occur, at least in vitro, via an ArcA(Asp54)-P → ArcB(His717)-P → ArcB(Asp576)-P → P(i) reverse phosphorelay. In this study, the physiological significance of this pathway was assessed. The results demonstrate that the receiver and phosphotransfer domains of the tripartite sensor kinase ArcB are necessary and sufficient for efficient ArcA-P dephosphorylation in vivo

Parasitismo del minador de la hoja de los citricos (phyllocnistis citrella stainton) en limon persa en Xalisco, Nayarit

The objective of this research was to identify the parasitism of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella in the municipality of Xalisco, Nayarit México. The samples were taken periodically to detect the presence of larvae during the months of August and September of 2012 and July, August and September of 2013, On the orchard of lemon persa at the Unidad Academica de Agricultura (UAA). The parasitoids were collected, conserved in alcohol 70% and labeled for its mounting and identification. 986 larvae of P. citrella were collected during five sampling dates obtaining a total parasitism of 15.82% about the 1.52% correspond to Baryscapus sp. 0.10% for Aprostocetus sp. 0.61% for Tamarixia sp. and 1.31% for Cirrospilus sp. all of them belonging to the family Eulophidae. About the family Encyrtidae we found two species, Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskava which obtained 12.71% of parasitism and Metaphycus sp. with a 0.10%.El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar el parasitismo del minador de la hoja de los cítricos Phyllocnistis citrella en el municipio de Xalisco, Nayarit, para lo cual se realizaron muestreos de larvas durante los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2012 y julio, agosto y septiembre del 2013, en el huerto experimental de limón persa de la Unidad Académica de Agricultura (UAA). Los parasitoides fueron obtenidos, conservados en alcohol al 70% y etiquetados para su posterior montaje e identificación. Se realizaron cinco muestreos, en los cuales se recolectaron 986 larvas de P. citrella, registrándose un parasitismo total de 15.82%, del cual 1.52% corresponde a Baryscapus sp., 0.10% a Aprostocetus sp., 0.61% a Tamarixia sp. y 1.31% Cirrospilus sp. todos pertenecientes a la familia Eulophidae. Dentro de familia Encyrtidae se registraron dos especies, Ageniaspis citrícola Logvinosvskava que registró un 12.71% de parasitismo, seguido por Metaphycus sp. con 0.10%

Respuesta de adultos machos de Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) a feromonas sintéticas y distribución espacial en trampas para captura

This research consisted of three experiments carried out in tree different municipalities in the state of Nayarit, during the period October-decembere2012, with the aim of evaluating the preference of the male to the presence of pink hibiscus mealybug (CRH) virgin against synthetic pheromones, the preferred height of the adult male of CRH traps and optimal distance between them. Trees soursop (Annona muricataL.) in an approximate age of 5-6 years and an average height of 6-7 m, the number of males captured per trap was measured were used. The results indicated: 1). Use virgin females of CRH and synthetic pheromone R) -maconelliyl (S) -2-methylbutanoate and (R) -lavandulyl (S) methylbutanoate has the same effect on the capture of male CRH, the advantage is that synthetic pheromones can used in pest free areas without risk of spreading the concept of trapping. 2). With respect to the height of trap down to the tree, placing 1, 2 and 3 m (0.1688 to 0.3246 CRH per trap) are statistically different with respect to the placement to 4 m that record 0.0389 male CRH by trap. 3). In evaluating the distance between traps, significantdifferences in both said factors and the interaction (distance x dates) and 4). In the distance of 0 m pest host as many male insects of CRH followed by 10 m was captured. Farther another trap, lower the number of insects captured.La presente investigación consistió en tres experimentos que se llevaron a cabo en cuatro diferentes municipios del estado de Nayarit, durante el periodo octubre-diciembre 2012, con el objetivo de evaluar la preferencia del macho a la presencia de hembras vírgenes de ochinilla Rosada del Hibisco (CRH) y feromonas sintéticas, la altura preferencial del macho adulto de CRH a las trampas y la distancia óptima entre estas. Se utilizaron árboles de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) de una edad aproximada de 5-6 años y una altura promedio de 6-7 m, se midió el número de machos capturados por trampa. Los resultados indicaron: 1). Utilizar hembras vírgenes de CRH y la feromona sintética (R)-maconelliyl (S)-2-methylbutanoate y (R)-lavandulyl (S) methylbutanoate tiene el mismo efecto en la captura de machos de CRH, la ventaja es que las feromonas sintéticas puede utilizarse en áreas libres de la plaga sin riesgo de dispersión por el concepto de trampeo. 2). Con respecto a la altura de trampa al suelo a la copa del árbol, la colocación a 1, 2 y 3 m (0.1688-0.3246 CRH por trampa) son estadísticamente diferentes con respecto a la colocación a 4 m que registran 0.0389 machos de CRH por trampa. 3). En la evaluación de la distancia entre trampas, se manifestaron diferencias significativas en ambos factores, así como en la interacción (distancia x fechas) y 4). En la distancia de 0 m del hospedante de la plaga se capturó el mayor número de insectos machos de CRH, seguido de 10 m. A mayor distancia una trampa de otra, menor fue el número de insectos capturados

Latin America: situation and preparedness facing the multi-country human monkeypox outbreak

Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas. Faculty of Medicine. Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina. Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia / Universidad Científica del Sur. Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Lima, Peru / Latin American network of Monkeypox Virus Research. Pereira, Risaralda, ColombiaUniversity of Buenos Aires. Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Hospital Britanico de Buenos Aires. Servicio de Infectología. Buenos Aires, Argentina.University of Buenos Aires. Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Buenos Aires, Argentina / Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muniz. Buenos Aires, Argentina.University of Buenos Aires. Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Buenos Aires, Argentina / Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muniz. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Hospital Clínico Viedma. Cochabamba, Bolivia.Gobierno Autonomo Municipal de Cochabamba. Secretaría de Salud. Centros de Salud de Primer Nivel. Direction. Cochabamba, Bolivia.Franz Tamayo University. National Research Coordination. La Paz, Bolivia.Paulista State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho. Botucatu Medical School. Infectious Diseases Department. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases. Sãao Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas. São Paulo, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Centro de Referencia de Salud Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens. Policlínico Neurología. Unidad Procedimientos. Santiago de Chile, Chile.Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. School of Medicine. Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology. Santiago de Chile, Chile.Universidad Austral de Chile. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Salud Publica. Valdivia, Chile.Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de San Fernando. San Fernando, VI Region, Chile.Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas. Faculty of Medicine. Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina. Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Department of Pediatrics. Bogota, DC, Colombia / Hospital Pediatrico La Misericordia. Division of Infectious Diseases. Bogota, DC, Colombia.Hemera Unidad de Infectología IPS SAS. Bogota, Colombia.Hospital San Vicente Fundacion. Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia.Clinica Imbanaco Grupo Quironsalud. Cali, Colombia / Universidad Santiago de Cali. Cali, Colombia / Clinica de Occidente. Cali, Colombia / Clinica Sebastian de Belalcazar. Valle del Cauca, Colombia.National Institute of Gastroenterology. Epidemiology Unit. La Habana, CubaHospital Salvador Bienvenido Gautier. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra. Santiago, Dominican Republic.International University of Ecuador. School of Medicine. Quito, Ecuador.Universidad Tecnica de Ambato. Ambato, Ecuador.Hospital Roosevelt. Guatemala City, Guatemala.Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras. Faculty of Medical Sciences. School of Medical. Unit of Scientific Research. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.Hospital Infantil de Mexico. Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico.Hospital General de Tijuana. Departamento de Infectología. Tijuana, Mexico.Hospital General de Tijuana. Departamento de Infectología. Tijuana, Mexico.Asociacion de Microbiólogos y Químicos Clínicos de Nicaragua. Managua, Nicaragua.Hospital Santo Tomas. Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Service. Panama City, Panama / Instituto Oncologico Nacional. Panama city, Panama.University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix. Division of Endocrinology. Department of Medicine. Phoenix, AZ, USA / Indian School Rd. Phoenix, AZ, USA.Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria. Dirección de Investigación. Asunción, Paraguay.Universidad Nacional de Asuncion. Faculty of Medical Sciences. Division of Dermatology. Asuncion, Paraguay.Instituto Nacional de Salud del Nino San Borja. Infectious Diseases Division. Lima, Peru / Universidad Privada de Tacna. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Tacna, Peru.Universidad San Juan Bautista. Lima, Peru.Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola. Vicerrectorado de Investigación. Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud. Lima, Peru.Hospital Evangelico de Montevideo. Montevideo, Uruguay.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Molecular and Cell-based Medicine. Department of Pathology. Molecular Microbiology Laboratory. New York, USA / Universidad del Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR. Bogota, Colombia.Hospital Evangélico de Montevideo. Montevideo, Uruguay / Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network. Infectious Diseases Research Branch. Cabudare, Lara, Venezuela.Universidad Central de Venezuela. Faculty of Medicine. Caracas, Venezuela.Universidad Central de Venezuela. Faculty of Medicine. Caracas, Venezuela / Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute. Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela.Universidad Central de Venezuela. Tropical Medicine Institute, Infectious Diseases Section. Caracas, Venezuela.Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud. Clinical Research Department. Investigador SNI Senacyt Panama. Panama City, Panama

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

Neotropical ornithology: Reckoning with historical assumptions, removing systemic barriers, and reimagining the future

A major barrier to advancing ornithology is the systemic exclusion of professionals from the Global South. A recent special feature, Advances in Neotropical Ornithology, and a shortfalls analysis therein, unintentionally followed a long-standing pattern of highlighting individuals, knowledge, and views from the Global North, while largely omitting the perspectives of people based within the Neotropics. Here, we review current strengths and opportunities in the practice of Neotropical ornithology. Further, we discuss problems with assessing the state of Neotropical ornithology through a northern lens, including discovery narratives, incomplete (and biased) understanding of history and advances, and the promotion of agendas that, while currently popular in the north, may not fit the needs and realities of Neotropical research. We argue that future advances in Neotropical ornithology will critically depend on identifying and addressing the systemic barriers that hold back ornithologists who live and work in the Neotropics: unreliable and limited funding, exclusion from international research leadership, restricted dissemination of knowledge (e.g., through language hegemony and citation bias), and logistical barriers. Moving forward, we must examine and acknowledge the colonial roots of our discipline, and explicitly promote anti-colonial agendas for research, training, and conservation. We invite our colleagues within and beyond the Neotropics to join us in creating new models of governance that establish research priorities with vigorous participation of ornithologists and communities within the Neotropical region. To include a diversity of perspectives, we must systemically address discrimination and bias rooted in the socioeconomic class system, anti-Blackness, anti-Brownness, anti-Indigeneity, misogyny, homophobia, tokenism, and ableism. Instead of seeking individual excellence and rewarding top-down leadership, institutions in the North and South can promote collective leadership. In adopting these approaches, we, ornithologists, will join a community of researchers across academia building new paradigms that can reconcile our relationships and transform science. Spanish and Portuguese translations are available in the Supplementary Material.• Research conducted by ornithologists living and working in Latin America and the Caribbean has been historically and systemically excluded from global scientific paradigms, ultimately holding back ornithology as a discipline.• To avoid replicating systems of exclusion in ornithology, authors, editors, reviewers, journals, scientific societies, and research institutions need to interrupt long-held assumptions, improve research practices, and change policies around funding and publication.• To advance Neotropical ornithology and conserve birds across the Americas, institutions should invest directly in basic field biology research, reward collective leadership, and strengthen funding and professional development opportunities for people affected by current research policies.Peer reviewe