Erindring & Identitet i Antonio Muñoz Molinas forfatterskab

Dette er ikke en afhandling om Antonio Muñoz Molinas forfatterskab. Det er en afhandling om forfatterskabets bidrag til konstruktionen af kulturel erindring om Den Spanske Borgerkrig og efterkrigstid.Selvom sekundærlitteraturen om Muñoz Molina er omfattende, foreligger der endnu ikke et større arbejde, der fokuserer på forfatterskabets bidrag til den kulturelle erindring i Spanien. Det er mit håb, at jeg med denne afhandling kan ændre på det forhold.Udgangspunktet for min læsning vil være, at Muñoz Molina gennem sit forfatterskab forsøger at finde et adækvat æstetisk udtryk til erindringen om en så konfliktfyldt fortid som Den Spanske Borgerkrig. I forlængelse heraf vil jeg fokusere på litteraturens funktion i forhold til at opnå social forsoning mellem to stridende parter. Jeg mener i den forbindelse, at en læsning af forfatterskabet kan give anledning til refleksion over forholdet mellem sociale bevægelser og kunstnerisk diskurs. Det handler med andre ord om, hvordan vi skal forstå os selv som individ og samfund, og hvilken rolle fortiden skal spille i den forståelse.Min tilgang vil til en vis grad minde om traditionelle forfatterskabslæsninger, der i spændet mellem kontinuitet og forandring ofte sigter mod en periodisering. Omvendt adskiller min læsning sig herfra i den forstand, at jeg vil opretholde spændet, men samtidig forsøge at opfatte forfatterskabet som ét samlet – om end modsætningsfyldt – argument iden spanske erindringsdebat.Mine læsninger følger ikke én stringent teori eller overbevisning anden end den, at det at læse litteratur er en handling i det sociale. Derfor vil min analyse ikke være lukket om den litterære tekst, men derimod udfolde sig i samspil med andre sociale diskurser i samfundet. Jeg vil derfor inddrage elementer, der spænder over litteraturteoretiske retninger, som f.eks. narratologien og receptionsæstetikken, men også trække på kulturelle erindringsstudier samt sociologiske og samfundsteoretiske overvejelser om individuelle og kollektive identitetsdannelsesprocesser.Mit arbejde med Muñoz Molina har indtil nu udmøntet sig i tre publicerede artikler samt et kandidatspeciale med titlen ’La Globalización de la Memoria Española’ – En læsning af Antonio Muñoz Molinas senere forfatterskab (2000-2010). Den nærværende afhandling er naturligvis skrevet i forlængelse af disse, hvorfor tanker og formuleringer vil gå igen i teksten. Jeg vil undertiden henvise til disse artikler, der følgelig også vil figurere i bibliografien.Slutteligt vil jeg benytte lejligheden til at takke familie, venner, kollegaer og vejledere, der har støttet mig i arbejdet. En speciel tak skal lyde til medlemmerne af forskningsgruppen La memoria novelada – Ana Bundgaard, Juan Carlos Cruz Suárez, Diana González Martín, Palle Nørgaard og Hans Lauge Hansen – samt Antolín Sánchez Cuervo, der var så venlig at tilbyde mig et uvurderligt forskningsophold på CCHS-CSIC i Madrid

“The great night of Europe is shot through with long, sinister trains”: Transnational memory and European identity in Antonio Muñoz Molina’s Sepharad

Since 1975 Spain has been engaged in the recuperation of the memory of the Francoist past. For a long time, under the headline “Spain is different”, the public debate has reflected a view of the Spanish experience as a particular event tied to the nation state. However, since the turn of the millennium such a notion is constantly being challenged by global and transnational influences that affect and reshape the local memory discourse(s). The following article aims to show how the novel Sepharad by the Spanish author Antonio Muñoz Molina could be read as a literary manifestation of a “multidirectional memory”, in which different memory scenarios in dialogue inscribe the memory of the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship into a common European memory context. In this sense, the novel can be read as a paradigmatic example of a transnational memory discourse, which tries to transcend traditional Manichean divisions between “us” and ‘them”, instead focusing on the persecuted and oppressed and warning us of the presence of totalitarian and exclusionary logics in our contemporary society

SEFARAD - BIDRAG TIL EN FÆLLES EUROPÆISK ERINDRING

A CONTRIBUTION TO A COMMON EUROPEAN MEMORY | Since 1975 Spain has been engaged in the recuperation of the memory of the past. Yet there seems to be an agreement that it is only over the course of the last ten years that an open and genuine debate has started. The purpose of this article is to re-think the argument, stating that what is at stake is really a change of form in the memory debate. Drawing on theories from Astrid Erll (2011) and Michael Rothberg (2009), the article aims to show how the novel Sefarad by the Spanish author Antonio Muñoz Molina could be read as a literary manifestation of a multidirectional memory, in which different memory scenarios in dialogue inscribe the memory of the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship into a common European memory context. Moreover, the article argues that Sefarad positions itself as a paradigmatic example of a global cosmopolitan memory discourse which tries to transcend traditional Manichean divisions between “us” and “them”. In the context of Spanish contemporary politics, it is hard to imagine how a cosmopolitan approach should be implemented without risks of political (ab)use. In that respect it will be argued that the literary discourse, seen as a reconciliatory discourse, takes precedence over other discourses in the ongoing memory debate by emphasizing a collective and transnational responsibility for the past

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS PADA MATERI SPEAKING DESCRIBING PEOPLE MELALUI MEDIA GAMBAR DI KELAS V SDN PENGABEAN IV KECAMATAN LOSARI KABUPATEN BREBES

AENI ASFI HANI: Pada siswa kelas V SDN Pengabean IV Kecamatan Losari Kabupaten Brebes, kesulitan yang sering dialami siswa diantaranya pada mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Hal ini karena Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing yang belum bisa dicerna oleh siswa. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya inovasi media, metode dan strategi dalam proses belajar mengajar agar siswa menyukai dan mampu memahami bahasa Inggris. Tujuan yang akan dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk : (a) Untuk mengetahui aktivitas siswa dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris pada materi Speaking Describing People melalui media gambar di Kelas V SDN Pengabean IV Kecamatan Losari Kabupaten Brebes, (b) Untuk mengetahui penggunaan media gambar dalam pembelajaran mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris pada materi Speaking Describing People di kelas V SDN Pengaben IV Kecamatan Losari Kabupaten Brebes dan (c) Untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa pelajaran Bahasa Inggris pada materi Speaking Describing People setelah menggunakan media gambar di Kelas V SDN Pengabean IV Kecamatan Losari Kabupaten Brebes. Siswa harus dididik melihat dan menafsirkan gambar. Mereka tidak hanya sekedar melihat apa yang ada pada gambar itu, tapi harus pula dapat mengambil kesimpulan. Kesanggupan memahami gambar banyak bergantung pada pengalaman yang telah ada. Memahami gambar memerlukan pemikiran yang kritis. Barang siapa yang dapat menafsirkan gambar, dapat pula menafsirkan situasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Jadi, dengan digunakannya media gambar dalam pembelajaran, perhatian anak akan semakin meningkat. Dengan meningkatnya perhatian, siswa dengan mudah memahami materi yang disampaikan, yang selanjutnya akan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Adapun teknik pengumpulan datanya, yaitu : (a) observasi, Strategi ini dilakukan dengan pengamatan langsung ke lapangan untuk mengamati aktivitas peserta didik pada pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris, (b) tes, diberikan kepada peserta didik untuk mengetahui hasil belajar yang diperoleh selama kegiatan penelitian dari beberapa siklus, dan (c) Wawancara, digunakan untuk mendapatkan informasi dari responden tentang segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan penelitian. Hasil data kualitatif dalam panelitian ini adalah, aktivitas siswa. Pada prasiklus aktivitas siswa 55%, pada siklus I 64,70%, pada siklus II 69,06%, dan pada siklus III 83,64%. Sedangkan hasil data kuantitatifnya adalah hasil belajar yang berupa nilai rata-rata dan nilai klasikal. Nilai rata-rata pada prasiklus mencapai 53,82, pada siklus I 58,82, pada siklus II 62,94 dan pada siklus III 75. Selain nilai rata-rata, nilai klasikal juga mengalami peningkatan. Nilai ketuntasan klasikal pada prasiklus 47,1%, pada siklus I 64,70%, pada siklus II 73,52% dan pada siklus III 94,11%. Dari hasil yang diperoleh, penelitian dengan menggunakan media gambar pada siswa SDN Pengabean IV Kecamatan Losari Kabupaten Brebes dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil beajar siswa pada materi Speaking Describing People

Type 1 Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Blood Flow–restricted Training in Powerlifter

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) on myofiber areas (MFA), number of myonuclei and satellite cells (SC), muscle size and strength in powerlifters. METHODS Seventeen national level powerlifters (25+/-6 yrs [mean+/-SD], 15 men) were randomly assigned to either a BFRRE group (n=9) performing two blocks (week 1 and 3) of five BFRRE front squat sessions within a 6.5-week training period, or a conventional training group (Con; n=8) performing front squats at ~70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). The BFRRE consisted of four sets (first and last set to voluntary failure) at ~30% of 1RM. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis (VL) and analyzed for MFA, myonuclei, SC and capillaries. Cross sectional areas (CSA) of VL and m. rectus femoris (RF) were measured by ultrasonography. Strength was evaluated by maximal voluntary isokinetic torque (MVIT) in knee extension and 1RM in front squat. RESULTS: BFRRE induced selective type I fiber increases in MFA (BFRRE: 12% vs. Con: 0%, p<0.01) and myonuclear number (BFRRE: 17% vs. Con: 0%, p=0.02). Type II MFA was unaltered in both groups. BFRRE induced greater changes in VL CSA (7.7% vs. 0.5%, p=0.04), which correlated with the increases in MFA of type I fibers (r=0.81, p=0.02). No group differences were observed in SC and strength changes, although MVIT increased with BFRRE (p=0.04), whereas 1RM increased in Con (p=0.02). CONCLUSION Two blocks of low-load BFRRE in the front squat exercise resulted in increased quadriceps CSA associated with preferential hypertrophy and myonuclear addition in type 1 fibres of national level powerlifters.Type 1 Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Blood Flow–restricted Training in PowerlifteracceptedVersionNivå

Recurrence and survival after laparoscopy versus laparotomy without lymphadenectomy in early-stage endometrial cancer:Long-term outcomes of a randomised trial

Background: Laparoscopic hysterectomy is accepted worldwide as the standard treatment option for early-stage endometrial cancer. However, there are limited data on long-term survival, particularly when no lymphadenectomy is performed. We compared the survival outcomes of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) and total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), both without lymphadenectomy, for early-stage endometrial cancer up to 5 years postoperatively. Methods: Follow-up of a multi-centre, randomised controlled trial comparing TLH and TAH, without routine lymphadenectomy, for women with stage I endometrial cancer. Enrolment was between 2007 and 2009 by 2:1 randomisation to TLH or TAH. Outcomes were disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and primary site of recurrence. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were adjusted for age, stage, grade, and radiotherapy with adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) reported. To test for significance, non-inferiority margins were defined. Results: In total, 279 women underwent a surgical procedure, of whom 263 (94%) had follow-up data. For the TLH (n = 175) and TAH (n = 88) groups, DFS (90.3% vs 84.1%; aHR[recurrence], 0.69; 95%CI, 0.31–1.52), OS (89.2% vs 82.8%; aHR[death], 0.60; 95%CI, 0.30–1.19), and DSS (95.0% vs 89.8%; aHR[death], 0.62; 95%CI, 0.23–1.70) were reported at 5 years. At a 10% significance level, and with a non-inferiority margin of 0.20, the null hypothesis of inferiority was rejected for all three outcomes. There were no port-site or wound metastases, and local recurrence rates were comparable. Conclusion: Disease recurrence and 5-year survival rates were comparable between the TLH and TAH groups and comparable to studies with lymphadenectomy, supporting the widespread use of TLH without lymphadenectomy as the primary treatment for early-stage, low-grade endometrial cancer

Real-time monitoring shows substantial excess all-cause mortality during second wave of COVID-19 in Europe, October to December 2020.

The European monitoring of excess mortality for public health action (EuroMOMO) network monitors weekly excess all-cause mortality in 27 European countries or subnational areas. During the first wave of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Europe in spring 2020, several countries experienced extraordinarily high levels of excess mortality. Europe is currently seeing another upsurge in COVID-19 cases, and EuroMOMO is again witnessing a substantial excess all-cause mortality attributable to COVID-19.Funding statement: The EuroMOMO network hub at Statens Serum Institut receives funding from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden, through a framework contract 2017-2020.S