Conocimiento y prácticas de lactancia materna exclusiva en madres adolescentes del Hospital Nacional Sergio Bernales – Perú, 2023

El siguiente estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo Determinar la relación del conocimiento y prácticas de lactancia materna exclusiva en madres adolescentes del Hospital Nacional Sergio Bernales – Perú, 2023; la investigación fue de tipo básica, enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental , se utilizó el muestreo no probabilístico en el cual se obtuvo una muestra de 65 madres adolescentes. El 86% presentan un nivel bajo de conocimientos sobre lactancia materna exclusiva, el 11% presenta un nivel medio de conocimientos sobre lactancia materna exclusiva y el 3% presentan un nivel alto de conocimientos sobre lactancia materna exclusiva; el 82% presenta una práctica deficiente al brindar lactancia materna exclusiva y el 18% presenta una práctica eficiente al brindar lactancia materna exclusiva. Conclusión: En consecuencia, de acuerdo con el objetivo general existe una correlación positiva entre ambas variables de estudio porque un 86% de madres adolescentes desconocen sobre la LME y en consecuencia la práctica es deficiente con un 82%

Interactive computer-based interventions for sexual health promotion (Protocol)

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The heme-hemopexin scavenging system is active in the brain, and associates with outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background and Purpose – Long-term outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is potentially linked to cytotoxic heme. Free heme is bound by hemopexin (Hpx) and rapidly scavenged by CD91. We hypothesized that heme scavenging in the brain would be associated with outcome after haemorrhage. Methods - Using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tissue from SAH patients and control individuals, the activity of the intracranial CD91-Hpx system was examined using enzyme-linked immunoassays, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemistry. Results - In control individuals, CSF Hpx was mainly synthesized intrathecally. After SAH, CSF Hpx was high in one-third of cases, and these patients had a higher probability of delayed cerebral ischaemia and poorer neurological outcome. The intracranial CD91-Hpx system was active after SAH since CD91 positively correlated with iron deposition in brain tissue. Heme-Hpx uptake saturated rapidly after SAH, since bound heme accumulated early in the CSF. When the blood-brain barrier was compromised following SAH, serum Hpx level was lower, suggesting heme transfer to the circulation for peripheral CD91 scavenging. Conclusions - The CD91-heme-Hpx scavenging system is important after SAH and merits further study as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target

Soil respiration in a northeastern US temperate forest: a 22‐year synthesis

To better understand how forest management, phenology, vegetation type, and actual and simulated climatic change affect seasonal and inter‐annual variations in soil respiration (Rs), we analyzed more than 100,000 individual measurements of soil respiration from 23 studies conducted over 22 years at the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, USA. We also used 24 site‐years of eddy‐covariance measurements from two Harvard Forest sites to examine the relationship between soil and ecosystem respiration (Re). Rs was highly variable at all spatial (respiration collar to forest stand) and temporal (minutes to years) scales of measurement. The response of Rs to experimental manipulations mimicking aspects of global change or aimed at partitioning Rs into component fluxes ranged from −70% to +52%. The response appears to arise from variations in substrate availability induced by changes in the size of soil C pools and of belowground C fluxes or in environmental conditions. In some cases (e.g., logging, warming), the effect of experimental manipulations on Rs was transient, but in other cases the time series were not long enough to rule out long‐term changes in respiration rates. Inter‐annual variations in weather and phenology induced variation among annual Rs estimates of a magnitude similar to that of other drivers of global change (i.e., invasive insects, forest management practices, N deposition). At both eddy‐covariance sites, aboveground respiration dominated Re early in the growing season, whereas belowground respiration dominated later. Unusual aboveground respiration patterns—high apparent rates of respiration during winter and very low rates in mid‐to‐late summer—at the Environmental Measurement Site suggest either bias in Rs and Re estimates caused by differences in the spatial scale of processes influencing fluxes, or that additional research on the hard‐to‐measure fluxes (e.g., wintertime Rs, unaccounted losses of CO2 from eddy covariance sites), daytime and nighttime canopy respiration and its impacts on estimates of Re, and independent measurements of flux partitioning (e.g., aboveground plant respiration, isotopic partitioning) may yield insight into the unusually high and low fluxes. Overall, however, this data‐rich analysis identifies important seasonal and experimental variations in Rs and Re and in the partitioning of Re above‐ vs. belowground

Soil respiration in a northeastern US temperate forest: a 22‐year synthesis

To better understand how forest management, phenology, vegetation type, and actual and simulated climatic change affect seasonal and inter‐annual variations in soil respiration (Rs), we analyzed more than 100,000 individual measurements of soil respiration from 23 studies conducted over 22 years at the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, USA. We also used 24 site‐years of eddy‐covariance measurements from two Harvard Forest sites to examine the relationship between soil and ecosystem respiration (Re). Rs was highly variable at all spatial (respiration collar to forest stand) and temporal (minutes to years) scales of measurement. The response of Rs to experimental manipulations mimicking aspects of global change or aimed at partitioning Rs into component fluxes ranged from −70% to +52%. The response appears to arise from variations in substrate availability induced by changes in the size of soil C pools and of belowground C fluxes or in environmental conditions. In some cases (e.g., logging, warming), the effect of experimental manipulations on Rs was transient, but in other cases the time series were not long enough to rule out long‐term changes in respiration rates. Inter‐annual variations in weather and phenology induced variation among annual Rs estimates of a magnitude similar to that of other drivers of global change (i.e., invasive insects, forest management practices, N deposition). At both eddy‐covariance sites, aboveground respiration dominated Re early in the growing season, whereas belowground respiration dominated later. Unusual aboveground respiration patterns—high apparent rates of respiration during winter and very low rates in mid‐to‐late summer—at the Environmental Measurement Site suggest either bias in Rs and Re estimates caused by differences in the spatial scale of processes influencing fluxes, or that additional research on the hard‐to‐measure fluxes (e.g., wintertime Rs, unaccounted losses of CO2 from eddy covariance sites), daytime and nighttime canopy respiration and its impacts on estimates of Re, and independent measurements of flux partitioning (e.g., aboveground plant respiration, isotopic partitioning) may yield insight into the unusually high and low fluxes. Overall, however, this data‐rich analysis identifies important seasonal and experimental variations in Rs and Re and in the partitioning of Re above‐ vs. belowground

UV Shielding of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 Endospores by Martian Regolith Simulants

As exploration of the solar system advances with life detection missions on the horizon, the concern for planetary protection has grown considerably. When attempting to detect extraterrestrial life, the likelihood of false positives from terrestrial contamination must be minimized. The Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere (E-MIST) balloon project aims to evaluate whether resilient terrestrial bacteria can survive stressors in a Mars-like environment. This is accomplished by sending Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032, an endospore-forming bacterial isolate from a spacecraft assembly facility, to the Earth's middle stratosphere (30-38 kilometers), where low temperature and pressure and high radiation and dryness conditions are similar to the surface of Mars. Previous ground and flight tests showed that the vast majority of SAFR-032 spores (99.99 percent) were inactivated by direct sunlight due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This observation led us to explore the role of dust shielding in changing microbial survivorship outcomes. To determine the dust particle distributions and density for potentially shielding microbes from UV radiation, samples of a Martian dust simulant were mixed with SAFR-032 spores. The dry heat sterilized simulant used was JSC MARS-1, weathered volcanic ash from Hawaii that displays many chemical and physical properties similar to the Martian soil as characterized by the Viking Lander 1, including reflectance spectrum, chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, specific gravity, and magnetic properties. First, scanning electron microscopy was undertaken to visualize the aggregation of the spores with dust particles (i.e., shading effects), and samples of varying dust concentrations were subsequently irradiated with UVC light to test survivorship outcomes. After a relationship between dust concentration and spore survivorship was determined, a solar simulator capable of irradiating samples with a fuller UV spectrum (less than 280-400 nanometers) was used to perform a more robust middle stratosphere simulation. Taken together, we will use results from the ground-based irradiation studies to feed into experimental designs for the next E-MIST ultra-long duration polar balloon flight launched by NASA

Mitochondrial DNA and traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multifactorial pathology with great interindividual variability in response to injury and outcome. Mitochondria contain their own DNA (mtDNA) with genomic variants that have different physiological and pathological characteristics, including susceptibility to neurodegeneration. Given the central role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of neurological injury, we hypothesized that its genomic variants may account for the variability in outcome following TBI. METHODS: We undertook an analysis of mitochondrial haplogroups in a large, well-characterized cohort of 1,094 TBI patients. A proportional odds model including age, brain computed tomography characteristics, injury severity, pupillary reactivity, mitochondrial haplogroups, and APOE was applied to Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) data. RESULTS: mtDNA had a significant association with 6-month GOS (p=0.008). Haplogroup K was significantly associated with favorable outcome (odds ratio=1.64, 95% confidence interval=1.08-2.51, p=0.02). There was also a significant interaction between mitochondrial genome and age (p=0.002), with a strong protective effect of both haplogroups T (p=0.015) and K (p=0.017) with advancing age. We also found a strong interaction between APOE and mitochondrial haplogroups (p=0.001), indicating a protective effect of haplogroup K in carriers of the APOE ε4 allele. INTERPRETATION: These findings reveal an interplay between mitochondrial DNA, pathophysiology of TBI, and aging. Haplogroups K and T, which share a common maternal ancestor, are shown as protective in TBI. The data also suggest that the APOE pathways interact with genetically regulated mitochondrial functions in the response to acute injury, as previously reported in Alzheimer disease

Rattus management is essential for population persistence in a critically endangered passerine: combining small-scale field experiments and population modelling.

Invasive species are a major threat for island biodiversity, causing species decline and extinction globally. Of all invasive mammals rats are one of the most detrimental and have been the target of numerous control and eradication programmes. In Mauritius rats have contributed to the extinction of 50% of the island's fauna and are thought to be the main threat to the endemic Mauritius olive white-eye (Zosterops chloronothos), a critically endangered passerine. Assessing the impact of rats and suitable control strategies is often problematic in such cases because of the lack of replicate populations for experiments. Here, we illustrate how to overcome this issue by combining a small-scale rat management experiment on olive white-eyes with demographic models that provide estimates of the potential effects of management on vital rates and population growth. We established poison and trapping grids within breeding territories, and show that rat management significantly decreased rat abundance and increased nesting success. An individual-based stochastic simulation model suggested that rat control could produce a 5–6 fold increase in the annual productivity of female olive white-eyes, which in turn would be sufficient to stabilise population growth. In the absence of rat management, our analysis suggests the olive white-eye population will decline by about 14% per annum. By combining low cost field experiments with widely available demographic models we highlight the value of targeted, effective rat management techniques for both short and long-term population management in threatened passerines

Tracking seabird migration in the tropical Indian Ocean reveals basin-scale conservation need

Summary Understanding marine predator distributions is an essential component of arresting their catastrophic declines.1,2,3,4 In temperate, polar, and upwelling seas, predictable oceanographic features can aggregate migratory predators, which benefit from site-based protection.5,6,7,8 In more oligotrophic tropical waters, however, it is unclear whether environmental conditions create similar multi-species hotspots. We track the non-breeding movements and habitat preferences of a tropical seabird assemblage (n = 348 individuals, 9 species, and 10 colonies in the western Indian Ocean), which supports globally important biodiversity.9,10,11,12 We mapped species richness from tracked populations and then predicted the same diversity measure for all known Indian Ocean colonies. Most species had large non-breeding ranges, low or variable residency patterns, and specific habitat preferences. This in turn revealed that maximum species richness covered >3.9 million km2, with no focused aggregations, in stark contrast to large-scale tracking studies in all other ocean basins.5,6,7,13,14 High species richness was captured by existing marine protected areas (MPAs) in the region; however, most occurred in the unprotected high seas beyond national jurisdictions. Seabirds experience cumulative anthropogenic impacts13 and high mortality15,16 during non-breeding. Therefore, our results suggest that seabird conservation in the tropical Indian Ocean requires an ocean-wide perspective, including high seas legislation.17 As restoration actions improve the outlook for tropical seabirds on land18,19,20,21,22 and environmental change reshapes the habitats that support them at sea,15,16 appropriate marine conservation will be crucial for their long-term recovery and whole ecosystem restoration