Tissue-specific deregulation of selected HDACs characterizes ALS progression in mouse models: pharmacological characterization of SIRT1 and SIRT2 pathways

Acetylation homeostasis is thought to play a role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and treatment with inhibitors of histone deacetylases has been considered a potential and attractive therapeutic approach, despite the lack of a thorough study of this class of proteins. In this study, we have considerably extended previous knowledge on the expression of 13 histone deacetylases in tissues (spinal cord and muscle) from mice carrying two different ALS-linked SOD1 mutations (G93A-SOD1 and G86R-SOD1). We have then focused on class III histone deacetylases SIRT1 and SIRT2 that are considered relevant in neurodegenerative diseases. SIRT1 decreases in the spinal cord, but increases in muscle during the progression of the disease, and a similar expression pattern is observed in the corresponding cell models (neuroblastoma and myoblasts). SIRT2 mRNA expression increases in the spinal cord in both G93A-SOD1 and G86R-SOD1 mice but protein expression is substantially unchanged in all the models examined. At variance with other sirtuin modulators (sirtinol, AGK2 and SRT1720), the well-known SIRT1 inhibitor Ex527 has positive effects on survival of neuronal cells expressing mutant SOD1, but this effect is neither mediated by SIRT1 inhibition nor by SIRT2 inhibition. These data call for caution in proposing sirtuin modulation as a target for treatment

Complex Regulation of p73 Isoforms after Alteration of Amyloid Precursor Polypeptide (APP) Function and DNA Damage in Neurons

Background: Alterations of the APP pathway or DNA damage induce neuronal cell death. Results: Alterations of the APP pathway or DNA damage increase TAp73 expression and reduce Delta Np73 protein levels. Conclusion: A tight control of the expression of p73 isoforms participates in neuronal cell death. Significance: p73 isoforms may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and in the neurotoxicity of anticancer drug therapies

Oxygen-sensing neurons reciprocally regulate peripheral lipid metabolism via neuropeptide signaling in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>

<div><p>The mechanisms by which the sensory environment influences metabolic homeostasis remains poorly understood. In this report, we show that oxygen, a potent environmental signal, is an important regulator of whole body lipid metabolism. <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> oxygen-sensing neurons reciprocally regulate peripheral lipid metabolism under normoxia in the following way: under high oxygen and food absence, URX sensory neurons are activated, and stimulate fat loss in the intestine, the major metabolic organ for <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i>. Under lower oxygen conditions or when food is present, the BAG sensory neurons respond by repressing the resting properties of the URX neurons. A genetic screen to identify modulators of this effect led to the identification of a BAG-neuron-specific neuropeptide called FLP-17, whose cognate receptor EGL-6 functions in URX neurons. Thus, BAG sensory neurons counterbalance the metabolic effect of tonically active URX neurons via neuropeptide communication. The combined regulatory actions of these neurons serve to precisely tune the rate and extent of fat loss to the availability of food and oxygen, and provides an interesting example of the myriad mechanisms underlying homeostatic control.</p></div

EMBO Mol Med

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common fatal motor neuron disease in adults. Numerous studies indicate that ALS is a systemic disease that affects whole body physiology and metabolic homeostasis. Using a mouse model of the disease (SOD1(G86R)), we investigated muscle physiology and motor behavior with respect to muscle metabolic capacity. We found that at 65 days of age, an age described as asymptomatic, SOD1(G86R) mice presented with improved endurance capacity associated with an early inhibition in the capacity for glycolytic muscle to use glucose as a source of energy and a switch in fuel preference toward lipids. Indeed, in glycolytic muscles we showed progressive induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression. Phosphofructokinase 1 was inhibited, and the expression of lipid handling molecules was increased. This mechanism represents a chronic pathologic alteration in muscle metabolism that is exacerbated with disease progression. Further, inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 activity with dichloroacetate delayed symptom onset while improving mitochondrial dysfunction and ameliorating muscle denervation. In this study, we provide the first molecular basis for the particular sensitivity of glycolytic muscles to ALS pathology.The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:alt-title: EMBO Mol Mednumber: 5remote-database-provider: PubMe

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis alters the metabolic aging profile in patient derived fibroblasts

Aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As metabolic alterations are a hallmark of aging and have previously been observed in ALS, it is important to examine the effect of aging in the context of ALS metabolic function. Here, using a newly established phenotypic metabolic approach, we examined the effect of aging on the metabolic profile of fibroblasts derived from ALS cases compared to controls. We found that ALS fibroblasts have an altered metabolic profile, which is influenced by age. In control cases, we found significant increases with age in NADH metabolism in the presence of several metabolites including lactic acid, trehalose, uridine and fructose, which was not recapitulated in ALS cases. Conversely, we found a reduction of NADH metabolism with age of biopsy, age of onset and age of death in the presence of glycogen in the ALS cohort. Furthermore, we found that NADH production correlated with disease progression rates in relation to a number of metabolites including inosine and α-ketoglutaric acid. Inosine or α-ketoglutaric acid supplementation in ALS fibroblasts was bioenergetically favourable. Overall, we found aging related defects in energy substrates that feed carbon into glycolysis at various points as well as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in ALS fibroblasts, which was validated in induced neuronal progenitor cell derived iAstrocytes. Our results suggest that supplementing those pathways may protect against age related metabolic dysfunction in ALS

C9orf72 expansion within astrocytes reduces metabolic flexibility in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

It is important to understand how the disease process affects the metabolic pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and whether these pathways can be manipulated to ameliorate disease progression. To analyse the basis of the metabolic defect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis we used a phenotypic metabolic profiling approach. Using fibroblasts and reprogrammed induced astrocytes from C9orf72 and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases we measured the production rate of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH) from 91 potential energy substrates simultaneously. Our screening approach identified that C9orf72 and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis induced astrocytes have distinct metabolic profiles compared to controls and displayed a loss of metabolic flexibility that was not observed in fibroblast models. This loss of metabolic flexibility, involving defects in adenosine, fructose and glycogen metabolism, as well as disruptions in the membrane transport of mitochondrial specific energy substrates, contributed to increased starvation induced toxicity in C9orf72 induced astrocytes. A reduction in glycogen metabolism was attributed to loss of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase at the protein level in both C9orf72 induced astrocytes and induced neurons. In addition, we found alterations in the levels of fructose metabolism enzymes and a reduction in the methylglyoxal removal enzyme GLO1 in both C9orf72 and sporadic models of disease. Our data show that metabolic flexibility is important in the CNS in times of bioenergetic stress

Etudes des altérations métaboliques musculaires au cours de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : rôle dans le développement de la pathologie

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, denervation and skeletal muscle atrophy. ALS is accompanied by metabolic alterations that are early events in mouse models for ALS. The main objective was to identify molecular targets responsible for these alterations. For this, we analyzed several metabolic regulators localized in presymptomatic glycolytic muscle tissue of an ALS mouse model, the SOD1G86R. We identified a pre-symptomatic alteration of metabolic equilibrium, showing an inhibition of glycolysis accompanied by an upregulation of lipid catabolic pathway. This alteration has functional significance, being reflected in a modified capacity of SOD1G86R mice to adapt to different types of exercise. Pharmacological inhibition of PDK4, one of the main inhibitors of glycolysis, delayed disease onset, underpinning the importance of metabolic equilibrium in disease progression. Taking into consideration the metabolic specificity of the different elements on the neuromuscular axis, this work opens towards new therapeutic approaches for ALS.La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie dégénérative neuromusculaire fatale. Elle est accompagnée par des altérations métaboliques, se manifestant précocement dans des modèles murins. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’identifier les cibles moléculaires impliquées dans ces changements. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié le muscle glycolytique, le premier touché par la dénervation au cours de la maladie dans un modèle de SLA, la souris SOD1G86R. Nous avons montré un déséquilibre entre les voies métaboliques glucidiques et lipidiques à un stade présymptômatique, avec une préférence pour la voie catabolique des lipides. Cette altération peut expliquer notre observation sur le changement des capacités à l’exercice des souris SOD1G86R présymptômatiques. Dans ce contexte, nous avons montré que l’inhibition pharmacologique de PDK4, un des principaux inhibiteurs de la glycolyse, est bénéfique, retardant l’apparition des symptômes. En prenant compte des spécificités métaboliques des différents éléments de l’axe neuromusculaire, ce travail ouvre des nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques pour le traitement de la SLA

Study of the muscle metabolic alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : implications for disease progression

La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie dégénérative neuromusculaire fatale. Elle est accompagnée par des altérations métaboliques, se manifestant précocement dans des modèles murins. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’identifier les cibles moléculaires impliquées dans ces changements. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié le muscle glycolytique, le premier touché par la dénervation au cours de la maladie dans un modèle de SLA, la souris SOD1G86R. Nous avons montré un déséquilibre entre les voies métaboliques glucidiques et lipidiques à un stade présymptômatique, avec une préférence pour la voie catabolique des lipides. Cette altération peut expliquer notre observation sur le changement des capacités à l’exercice des souris SOD1G86R présymptômatiques. Dans ce contexte, nous avons montré que l’inhibition pharmacologique de PDK4, un des principaux inhibiteurs de la glycolyse, est bénéfique, retardant l’apparition des symptômes. En prenant compte des spécificités métaboliques des différents éléments de l’axe neuromusculaire, ce travail ouvre des nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques pour le traitement de la SLA.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, denervation and skeletal muscle atrophy. ALS is accompanied by metabolic alterations that are early events in mouse models for ALS. The main objective was to identify molecular targets responsible for these alterations. For this, we analyzed several metabolic regulators localized in presymptomatic glycolytic muscle tissue of an ALS mouse model, the SOD1G86R. We identified a pre-symptomatic alteration of metabolic equilibrium, showing an inhibition of glycolysis accompanied by an upregulation of lipid catabolic pathway. This alteration has functional significance, being reflected in a modified capacity of SOD1G86R mice to adapt to different types of exercise. Pharmacological inhibition of PDK4, one of the main inhibitors of glycolysis, delayed disease onset, underpinning the importance of metabolic equilibrium in disease progression. Taking into consideration the metabolic specificity of the different elements on the neuromuscular axis, this work opens towards new therapeutic approaches for ALS

Study of the muscle metabolic alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : implications for disease progression

La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie dégénérative neuromusculaire fatale. Elle est accompagnée par des altérations métaboliques, se manifestant précocement dans des modèles murins. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’identifier les cibles moléculaires impliquées dans ces changements. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié le muscle glycolytique, le premier touché par la dénervation au cours de la maladie dans un modèle de SLA, la souris SOD1G86R. Nous avons montré un déséquilibre entre les voies métaboliques glucidiques et lipidiques à un stade présymptômatique, avec une préférence pour la voie catabolique des lipides. Cette altération peut expliquer notre observation sur le changement des capacités à l’exercice des souris SOD1G86R présymptômatiques. Dans ce contexte, nous avons montré que l’inhibition pharmacologique de PDK4, un des principaux inhibiteurs de la glycolyse, est bénéfique, retardant l’apparition des symptômes. En prenant compte des spécificités métaboliques des différents éléments de l’axe neuromusculaire, ce travail ouvre des nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques pour le traitement de la SLA.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, denervation and skeletal muscle atrophy. ALS is accompanied by metabolic alterations that are early events in mouse models for ALS. The main objective was to identify molecular targets responsible for these alterations. For this, we analyzed several metabolic regulators localized in presymptomatic glycolytic muscle tissue of an ALS mouse model, the SOD1G86R. We identified a pre-symptomatic alteration of metabolic equilibrium, showing an inhibition of glycolysis accompanied by an upregulation of lipid catabolic pathway. This alteration has functional significance, being reflected in a modified capacity of SOD1G86R mice to adapt to different types of exercise. Pharmacological inhibition of PDK4, one of the main inhibitors of glycolysis, delayed disease onset, underpinning the importance of metabolic equilibrium in disease progression. Taking into consideration the metabolic specificity of the different elements on the neuromuscular axis, this work opens towards new therapeutic approaches for ALS