Procesado del ácido poliláctico (PLA) y de nanocompuestos PLA/montmorillonita en planta piloto: Estudio de sus cambios estructurales y de su estabilidad térmica

Se aplican procesos de transformación y tratamiento determoplásticos (inyección, extrusión-inyección y recocido) al ácido poliláctico (PLA) y a determinados nanocompuestos PLA/montmorillonita, con objeto de estudiar las variaciones de la estructura físico-química del PLA durante su procesado en planta piloto. El grado de cristalinidad de los materiales se estudió mediante calorimetría de barrido diferencial (DSC), difracción de rayos X (XRD) y espectroscopía FTIR, constatándose que el procesado mecánico provoca la práctica desaparición de la estructura cristalina del PLA, que se recupera mediante el recocido. Además, la técnica FTIR ha permitido el estudio de interacciones químicas entre los componentes de los nanocompuestos. Por otro lado, se ha estudiado la estabilidad térmica de muestras de PLA y de sus nanocompuestos, a partir de temperaturas de descomposición características, que se obtienen de los termogramas TGA

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Se ha determinado la constante de velocidad de la descomposición de ácido acetil salicílico en mezclas de etanol absoluto-ácido sUlfúrico, mediante la evaluación espectroftuorimétrica del ácido salicílico liberado. Las medidas se han efectuado a las temperaturas de 20°, 25°, 30°, 35° y 40°C en disolución de etanol-ácido sulfúrico al 4% en ácido sulfúrico y a 25°C para disoluciones al 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% y 12% de ácido sulfúrico. Se describe la ftuorescencia del ácido salicilico y acetil salicílico en etanol y en disoluciones de etanol-ácido sulfúrico.The rate of the descomposition of the acetylsalicylic acid in ethanol-sulfuric acid mixtures has been measured by determining the liberated salicylic acid spectrophotoftuorimetricaly. The measures has been carried out at the temperatures of 20°, 25°, 30°, 35° and 40°C in 4% sulfuric acid-ethanol solution, and at 25°C in sulfuric acid-ethanol solution 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% and 12%,. The ftuorescence of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in ethanol and in ethanol-sulfuric add solutions are described

Cinética de la descomposición del ácido acetilsalicílico en disoluciones de etanol-ácido sulfúrico

Se ha determinado la constante de velocidad de la descomposición de ácido acetil salicílico en mezclas de etanol absoluto-ácido sulfúrico, mediante la evaluación espectroftuorimétrica del ácido salicílico liberado. Las medidas se han efectuado a las temperaturas de 20°, 25°, 30°, 35° y 40°C en disolución de etanol-ácido sulfúrico al 4% en ácido sulfúrico y a 25°C para disoluciones al 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% y 12% de ácido sulfúrico. Se describe la fluorescencia del ácido salicílico y acetil salicílico en etanol y en disoluciones de etanol-ácido sulfúrico.The rate of the descomposition of the acetylsalicylic acid in ethanolsulfuric acid mixtures has been measured by determining the liberated salicylic acid spectrophotoftuorimetricaly. The mea sures has been carried out at the temperatures of 20°, 25°, 30°, 35° and 40°C in 4% sulfuric acidethanol solution, and at 25°C in sulfuric acid-ethanol solution 1%, 2%. 4% , 8% and 12%,. The ftuorescence of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in ethanol and in ethanol-sulfuric add solutions are described

Inter-individual different responses to continuous and interval training in recreational middle-aged women runners

A crucial subject in sports is identifying the inter-individual variation in response to training, which would allow creating individualised pre-training schedules, improving runner's performance. We aimed to analyse heterogeneity in individual responses to two half-marathon training programmes differing in running volume and intensity in middle-aged recreational women. Twenty women (40±7 years, 61±7kg, 167±6cm, VO2max=48±6 mL·kg-1·min-1) underwent either moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) or high-intensity interval (HIIT) 12-week training. They were evaluated before and after training with maximal incremental tests in the laboratory (VO2max) and in the field (time to exhaustion, TTE; short interval series and long run). All the women participated in the same half-marathon and their finishing times were compared with their previous times. Although the improvements in the mean finishing times were not significant, MICT elicited a greater reduction (3min 50s, P=0.298), with more women (70%) improving on their previous times, than HIIT (reduction of 2min 34s, P=0.197, 50% responders). Laboratory tests showed more differences in the HIIT group (P=0.008), while both groups presented homogeneous significant (P<0.05) increases in TTE. Both in the short interval series and in the long run, HIIT induced better individual improvements, with a greater percentage of responders compared to MICT (100% versus 50% in the short series and 78% versus 38% in the long run). In conclusion, variability in interindividual responses was observed after both MICT and HIIT, with some participants showing improvements (responders) while others did not (non-responders) in different performance parameters, reinforcing the idea that individualised training prescription is needed to optimise performance

ENTORNO Y NECESIDADES DE SALUD DE LA POBLACIÓN MAYOR DE 75 AÑOS NO ATENDIDA EN CUATRO ÁREAS BÁSICAS DE SALUD DE BARCELONA.

Objetivo: Observar y describir el entorno en que viven las personas mayores de 75 años que no acuden a centros de salud de la red pública y analizar sus necesidades de salud. Participantes y métodos. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Ámbito: Cuatro Areas Básicas de Salud (ABS) de la Dirección de Atención Primaria Sant Martí de Barcelona (ABS El Clot, ABS La Pau, ABS Verneda Nord y ABS Verneda Sud), que atienden una población de 80.373 habitantes, 4810 mayores de 75 años, según datos del padrón 1996. Sujetos: Ancianos >75 años asignados a las ABS, que no habían acudido en ninguna ocasión al Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud, identificados mediante el Sistema de Información de Atención Primaria (SIAP). Del total de >75 años (n= 4810), cumplieron requisitos 1666 (34,63%) . Medidas: Cuestionario semiestructurado administrado mediante entrevista en el domicilio; se recogió información sobre edad, género, convivencia, características del cuidador, de los edificios y de la vivienda, problemas de salud y necesidades alteradas según el modelo de V. Henderson, Escala de Arnel modificada y diagnósticos médicos autodeclarados. Resultados: De los 1666 ancianos identificados, respondieron el cuestionario 227 (13,62%). Las causas más frecuentes de no respuesta fueron: defunción, cambio domicilio, no localización y no desear participar. Características de los entrevistados: media de edad 81.55 (DE 4.29), 60,79% mujeres. El 20,26% viven solos, el 33 % con su esposo/a. Tienen cuidador el 33,92%, siendo mujeres más del 70%. El 35,68% tienen barreras arquitectónicas y el 68,72% ascensor. El 85,46% tienen calefacción. El 37% referían diagnósticos médicos, siendo los más prevalentes: ansiedad, depresión, dolor y problemas cardiovasculares. De los diagnósticos enfermeros según la nomenclatura de la NANDA Nursing Diagnoses, el 34,36% presentaron deterioro de la movilidad física, 51% dolor y 13,6% estreñimiento crónico. Más del 90% no se sienten útiles, pero con estabilidad emocional, buena comunicación, buenas relaciones familiares y no se sienten solos. Conclusiones: Se evidencia una notable falta de actualización en las bases de datos poblacionales del SIAP. Las personas entrevistadas son mayoritariamente mujeres, que más de la mitad viven solas o con parejas de la misma edad. Tienen cuidador 1/3 mayoritariamente mujeres. Existen barreras arquitectónicas en los edificios y en su domicilio, tienen calefacción y ducha. Los problemas de salud mental son los más frecuentes, seguidos del dolor y de los cardiovasculares. Los diagnósticos enfermeros más frecuentes son deterioro de la movilidad física, dolor y estreñimiento crónico. Más de un 90% de los ancianos dicen no sentirse útiles, pero manifiestan que no se sienten solos

Physiological and biological responses to short-term intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure: from sports and mountain medicine to new biomedical applications

In recent years, the altitude acclimatization responses elicited by short-term intermittent exposure to hypoxia have been subject to renewed attention. The main goal of short-term intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure programs was originally to improve the aerobic capacity of athletes or to accelerate the altitude acclimatization response in alpinists, since such programs induce an increase in erythrocyte mass. Several model programs of intermittent exposure to hypoxia have presented efficiency with respect to this goal, without any of the inconveniences or negative consequences associated with permanent stays at moderate or high altitudes. Artificial intermittent exposure to normobaric hypoxia systems have seen a rapid rise in popularity among recreational and professional athletes, not only due to their unbeatable cost/efficiency ratio, but also because they help prevent common inconveniences associated with high-altitude stays such as social isolation, nutritional limitations, and other minor health and comfort-related annoyances. Today, intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia is known to elicit other physiological response types in several organs and body systems. These responses range from alterations in the ventilatory pattern to modulation of the mitochondrial function. The central role played by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in activating a signaling molecular cascade after hypoxia exposure is well known. Among these targets, several growth factors that upregulate the capillary bed by inducing angiogenesis and promoting oxidative metabolism merit special attention. Applying intermittent hypobaric hypoxia to promote the action of some molecules, such as angiogenic factors, could improve repair and recovery in many tissue types. This article uses a comprehensive approach to examine data obtained in recent years. We consider evidence collected from different tissues, including myocardial capillarization, skeletal muscle fiber types and fiber size changes induced by intermittent hypoxia exposure, and discuss the evidence that points to beneficial interventions in applied fields such as sport science. Short-term intermittent hypoxia may not only be useful for healthy people, but could also be considered a promising tool to be applied, with due caution, to some pathophysiological states

Benefits on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of a High-Intensity Interval Training Program for a Half-Marathon in Recreational Middle-Aged Women Runners

(1) Background: half-marathon races are popular among recreational runners, with increases in participation among middle-aged and women. We aimed to determine the effects of two half-marathon training programs on hematological and biochemical markers in middle-aged female recreational runners; (2) Methods: ten women (40 ± 7 years) followed moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), based on running volume below 80% VO2max, and another ten women followed high intensity interval training (HIIT) at 80-100% VO2max, with less volume, and combined with eccentric loading exercise. Hematology, plasma osmolality, and plasma markers of metabolic status, muscle damage, inflammatory, and oxidative stress were measured before (S1) and after (S2) training and 24 h after the half-marathon (S3); (3) Results: both training programs had similar moderate effects at S2. However, the acute response at S3 induced different alterations. There was a greater decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in MICT and reductions in markers of damage and inflammation in HIIT. Greater variability in some plasma markers at S3 in MICT suggests that there is inter-individual variability in the response to training; (4) Conclusions: HIIT led to better adaptation to the competition maybe because of the repeated exposure to higher oxygen consumption and eccentric loading exercise

Validation of performance of real-time kinematic PPP. A possible tool for deformation monitoring

Structural failures (bridge or building collapses) and geohazards (landslides, ground subsi- dence or earthquakes) are worldwide problems that often lead to significant economic and loss of life. Monitoring the deformation of both natural phenomena and man-made struc- tures is a major key to assessing structural dynamic responses. Actually, this monitoring process is under real-time demand for developing warning and alert systems. One of the most used techniques for real-time deformation monitoring is the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) real-time procedure, where the relative positioning approach, using a well-known reference station, has been applied. This study was conducted to evaluate the actual quality of the real-time kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP) GNSS solution for deformation monitoring, where it can be concluded that a promise tool is under development and should be taken into account on actual and near future real-time deformation monitoring studies and applications.This research was supported by the Spanish Science and Innovation Directorate project number AYA2010-18706 and the Generalitat Valenciana Geronimo Forteza research program with project number FPA/2014/056.Martín Furones, ÁE.; Anquela Julián, AB.; Dimas Pagés, A.; Cos-Gayón López, FJ. (2015). Validation of performance of real-time kinematic PPP. A possible tool for deformation monitoring. Measurement. 69:95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.03.026S951086