Sectores Económicos : Estructura productiva del azúcar en Nicaragua periodo 2009-2013

INTRODUCCIÓN La estructura productiva del azúcar en Nicaragua, ha evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo trayendo consigo un gran aporte al Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) y siendo uno de los principales productos de exportación, esta investigación consiste en analizar el proceso productivo y los avances tecnológicos que ha existido en la industria azucarera de nuestro país. Esta industria cuenta con tecnología moderna, hasta el punto de ser comparada con otras industrias azucareras del mundo que son principalmente productores de azúcar. Las innovaciones tecnológicas adquiridas por los ingenios azucareros les han permitido aumentar los niveles de producción, así mismo cubrir la demanda interna y destinar mayores volúmenes de azúcar para la exportación. Para desarrollar este trabajo, se dividirá en cuatro capítulos: En el capítulo I se abordaran los aspectos metodológicos utilizados en el proceso de elaboración de la presente investigación. El capítulo II se referirá al proceso de producción del azúcar en los cuatros ingenios existente en nuestro país. En el capítulo III se caracterizara a cada uno de los ingenios que existen en Nicaragua, además investigaremos las inversiones que estos han realizado a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Y en el capítulo IV se realizara un análisis acerca del mercado nacional e internacional del Azúcar nicaragüense

PCDD/PCDF, PCB, and Hexachlorobenzene in soil, bottom ash and products from brickmaking sites in developing countries - Results from surveys in Kenya, Mexico, and South Africa. A contribution to the Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases in support to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

The report combines the results from soil sampling campaigns executed in Mexico, South Africa and Kenya in order to assess the impact of artisanal brick making on local environments. Moreover the study serves indirectly (through the comparison of the impact on soils), whether the emission factors for brick kilns obtained in in a separate study in Mexico can be applied to other developing countries. These emission factors will be introduced into the calculation scheme for the National Emission Inventories of unintentional POP's releases ("dioxin toolkit) which is the reporting tool under the reporting obligations laid down in the Stockholm Convention of POPs. Results revealed, that the soils in Mexico are higher contaminated then in South Africa and Kenya, most probably due to the practice of co-incineration of waste (oils), whereas in Africa coal or virgin biomass are used as fuels. In so far the emission factors obtained in Mexico apparently represent the upper range of emission factors for brick making.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

Planeamiento estratégico de la empresa Mobile Inc.

La empresa Mobile Inc. empezó sus operaciones en el año 2010 en Estados Unidos donde se ubica su sede matriz. Luego inició operaciones en las unidades de negocio de Europa y Asia, produciendo y comercializando teléfonos móviles inteligentes con tecnologías 1G al 4G. Durante estos 12 años la empresa ganó una gran participación en el mercado chino y la rentabilidad fue positiva, incrementándose año a año; por tal motivo, el presente plan estratégico para los cinco siguientes años (2023-2027) se enfocará en China, ampliando la cantidad de plantas de siete a nueve, trabajando al 100% con mano de obra propia, teniendo una ventaja competitiva de liderazgo en costos, con una estrategia competitiva de precios agresivos, con tecnología y características a la vanguardia del mercado

Land- and water-based exercise intervention in women with fibromyalgia: the al-andalus physical activity randomised controlled trial

Background The al-Andalus physical activity intervention study is a randomised control trial to investigate the effectiveness of a land- and water-based exercise intervention for reducing the overall impact of fibromyalgia (primary outcome), and for improving tenderness and pain-related measures, body composition, functional capacity, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, fatigue, sleep quality, health-related quality of life, and cognitive function (secondary outcomes) in women with fibromyalgia. Methods/Design One hundred eighty women with fibromyalgia (age range: 35-65 years) will be recruited from local associations of fibromyalgia patients in Andalucía (Southern Spain). Patients will be randomly assigned to a usual care (control) group (n = 60), a water-based exercise intervention group (n = 60) or a land-based exercise intervention group (n = 60). Participants in the usual care group will receive general physical activity guidelines and participants allocated in the intervention groups will attend three non-consecutive training sessions (60 min each) per week during 24 weeks. Both exercise interventions will consist of aerobic, muscular strength and flexibility exercises. We will also study the effect of a detraining period (i.e., 12 weeks with no exercise intervention) on the studied variables. Discussion Our study attempts to reduce the impact of fibromyalgia and improve patients' health status by implementing two types of exercise interventions. Results from this study will help to assess the efficacy of exercise interventions for the treatment of fibromyalgia. If the interventions would be effective, this study will provide low-cost and feasible alternatives for health professionals in the management of fibromyalgia. Results from the al-Andalus physical activity intervention will help to better understand the potential of regular physical activity for improving the well-being of women with fibromyalgia.This study was supported by the Consejeria de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte (CTCD-201000019242-TRA), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (I + D + I DEP2010-15639, grants: BES-2009-013442, BES-2011-047133, RYC-2010-05957, RYC-2011-09011), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20090635), the Spanish Ministry of Education (AP-2009-3173), Granada Research of Excelence Initiative on Biohealth (GREIB), Campus BioTic, University of Granada, Spain and European University of Madrid. Escuela de Estudios Universitarios Real Madrid. 2010/04RM

Bridging the gap in marine and terrestrial studies

Ecologists are interested in understanding natural phenomena and strive to make comparisons across systems to better understand broad ecological processes and patterns. Recent reviews showcased how marine and terrestrial ecologists (as an example of two isolated disciplines) can benefit from sharing information. Here, a literature review shows that marine studies often lack the generality needed to bridge the often observed gap between theory developed in marine and terrestrial systems. In order to stimulate constructive comparisons across systems, we discuss potential reasons for this lower generality, with the goal of more broadly understanding ecological processes and patterns.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Data from: Thermoregulation as an alternate function of the sexually dimorphic fiddler crab claw

Fiddler crabs are highly sexually-dimorphic. Males possess one small (minor) feeding claw and one greatly enlarged (major) claw; females possess two small claws. The major claw is used to attract mates and for burrow defense but is costly for the male to possess. We tested the hypothesis that the major claw also functions as a thermoregulatory structure, a function that would allow males to spend a greater amount of time on the surface, foraging and attracting potential mates. Fiddler crabs, Uca panacea, were exposed to a source of radiant heat and body temperatures were monitored. Four groups of crabs were tested: intact males, males with the minor claw removed, males with the major claw removed, and females. Males without the major claw increased in body temperature more rapidly and reached higher temperatures than males with the major claw intact, but were similar to females. These results support the hypothesized thermoregulatory function of the major claw. The major claw may function as a heat sink, transferring heat away from the body and dissipating it into the air. Enhanced thermoregulatory ability provided by the major claw may partially ameliorate the energetic costs of possessing such a large claw