The climate of Iowa: monthly, crop season and annual temperature and precipitation normals for Iowa

The U. S.* Weather Bureau has recently revised the monthly temperature and precipitation normals to cover the 3 0 -year period, 1931 through 1960. These normals have been summarized for Iowa, and maps have been prepared showing the average temperature and total precipitation for monthly, crop season and annual periods. In addition, information is presented from which the temperatures that have percentage probabilities (5, 10, 25, 75, 90 and 95 percent) of occurring can be computed. Precipitation data are presented from which the probability of the driest one-third or of the wettest one third of the periods can be obtained.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/specialreports/1035/thumbnail.jp

First observation of Jupiter by XMM-Newton

We present the first X-ray observation of Jupiter by XMM-Newton. Images taken with the EPIC cameras show prominent emission, essentially all confined to the 0.2-2.0 keV band, from the planet's auroral spots; their spectra can be modelled with a combination of unresolved emission lines of highly ionised oxygen (OVII and OVIII), and a pseudo-continuum which may also be due to the superposition of many weak lines. A 2.8 sigma enhancement in the RGS spectrum at 21-22 A (~0.57 keV) is consistent with an OVII identification. Our spectral analysis supports the hypothesis that Jupiter's auroral emissions originate from the capture and acceleration of solar wind ions in the planet's magnetosphere, followed by X-ray production by charge exchange. The X-ray flux of the North spot is modulated at Jupiter's rotation period. We do not detect evidence for the ~45 min X-ray oscillations observed by Chandra more than two years earlier. Emission from the equatorial regions of the planet's disk is also observed. Its spectrum is consistent with that of scattered solar X-rays.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures; to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Anxiety characteristics in individuals with Williams syndrome

BACKGROUND: Williams syndrome anxiety research predominantly focuses on disorder prevalence and symptomatology, categorised using standardised mental health classifications. However, the use of these assessments may not fully capture the phenotypic features of anxiety in Williams syndrome. In this study, we examined characteristics of anxiety using a formulation framework. METHOD: A semi-structured interview was conducted with thirteen parents of individuals with Williams syndrome (median age: 19, age range: 12-45, 8 females). RESULTS: Various anxiety triggers were reported, including anxiety triggered by phobias, uncertainty and negative emotions in others. The range of described behaviours was diverse with both avoidant and active coping strategies for anxiety management reported. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the characteristics described were consistent with findings in the intellectual disability and typically developing literature, although novel information was identified. The study demonstrates the utility of a formulation framework to explore anxiety characteristics in atypical populations and has outlined new avenues for research

Assessment of efforts to reduce nonresponse bias: 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

Im Vorfeld der neuen Welle des SIPP 1996 tauchten Bedenken in Hinblick auf eine zunehmende Tendenz zur Antwortverweigerung in den Panelwellen der Jahre 1991 bis 1993 auf. Gleichzeitig wurde die Existenz eines Bias in den SIPP-Zeitreihenschätzungen zu Armut bekannt. Das US Census Bureau hat viel Zeit und Geld darauf verwandt, den Anteil der Antwortverweigerung zu reduzieren und die hierauf beruhende Fehlgewichtung zu korrigieren. Die Verfasser geben einen Überblick über diese Maßnahmen und diskutieren deren Wirksamkeit mit Blick auf das erste Jahr der Panelwelle 1996. Sie setzen sich mit dem Einsatz finanzieller Anreize, der Durchführung von Untersuchungen zur Antwortverweigerung sowie Veränderungen in der Durchführung der Feldforschung auseinander. (ICEÜbers)"Concern over increasing levels of nonresponse in the 1991-1993 SIPP Panels and new information about the existence of bias in time series estimates of poverty front the SIPP surfaced prior to fielding the newly redesigned SIPP 1996 sample. A tremendous amount of effort and expense has been dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau to reducing nonresponse and adjusting for its bias. This paper will summarize these efforts and provide a preliminary assessment of the success of the efforts for the first year of the 1996 panel. The authors will discuss the use of monetary incentives, fielding nonresponse surveys, and changes in field staffing and procedures." (author's abstract

The Profiles and Correlates of Psychopathology in Adolescents and Adults with Williams, Fragile X and Prader-Willi Syndromes

Psychopathology is prevalent in Williams (WS), fragile X (FXS) and Prader-Willi (PWS) syndromes. However, little is known about the potential correlates of psychopathology in these groups. A questionnaire study was completed by 111 caregivers of individuals with WS (n = 35); FXS (n = 50) and PWS (n = 26). Mean age was 26 years (range 12-57 years); 74 (67%) were male. Multiple regression analyses indicated that higher rates of health problems and sensory impairments predicted higher psychopathology in WS (p < .0001). In PWS, poorer adaptive ability predicted higher overall psychiatric disturbance (p = .001), generalised anxiety (p = .006) and hyperactivity (p = .003). There were no significant predictors in FXS. This study highlights dissociations in the potential risk markers of psychopathology between genetic syndromes. Implications for intervention are discussed

Use of Orbital Radars for Geoscience Investigations

Studies sponsored by NASA at the University of Kansas in cooperation with several other universities and government research agencies are substantiating the applicability of remote sensing by radar to many fields within the earth sciences, agriculture, and oceanography. 1 The purpose of this paper is to show how the properties of the radar return are used to provide geoscience information

A protosolar nebula origin for the ices agglomerated by Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

The nature of the icy material accreted by comets during their formation in the outer regions of the protosolar nebula is a major open question in planetary science. Some scenarios of comet formation predict that these bodies agglomerated from crystalline ices condensed in the protosolar nebula. Concurrently, alternative scenarios suggest that comets accreted amorphous ice originating from the interstellar cloud or from the very distant regions of the protosolar nebula. On the basis of existing laboratory and modeling data, we find that the N$_2$/CO and Ar/CO ratios measured in the coma of the Jupiter family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the ROSINA instrument aboard the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft match those predicted for gases trapped in clathrates. If these measurements are representative of the bulk N$_2$/CO and Ar/CO ratios in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, it implies that the ices accreted by the comet formed in the nebula and do not originate from the interstellar medium, supporting the idea that the building blocks of outer solar system bodies have been formed from clathrates and possibly from pure crystalline ices. Moreover, because 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is impoverished in Ar and N$_2$, the volatile enrichments observed in Jupiter's atmosphere cannot be explained solely via the accretion of building blocks with similar compositions and require an additional delivery source. A potential source may be the accretion of gas from the nebula that has been progressively enriched in heavy elements due to photoevaporation.Comment: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, in pres

DE 1 RIMS operational characteristics

The Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer (RIMS) on the Dynamics Explorer 1 spacecraft observes both the thermal and superthermal (50 eV) ions of the ionosphere and inner magnetosphere. It is capable of measuring the detailed species distribution function of these ions in many cases. It was equipped with an integral electrometer to permit in-flight calibration of the detector sensitivities and variations thereof. A guide to understanding the RIMS data set is given. The reduction process from count rates to physical quantities is discussed in some detail. The procedure used to establish in-flight calibration is described, and results of a comparison with densities from plasma wave measurements are provided. Finally, a discussion is provided of various anomalies in the data set, including changes of channeltron efficiency with time, spin modulation of the axial sensor heads, apparent potential differences between the sensor heads, and failures of the radial head retarding potential sweep and of the -Z axial head aperture plane bias. Studies of the RIMS data set should be conducted only with a thorough awareness of the material presented here, or in collaboration with one of the scientists actively involved with RIMS data analysis