Brown bear attacks on humans : a worldwide perspective

The increasing trend of large carnivore attacks on humans not only raises human safety concerns but may also undermine large carnivore conservation efforts. Although rare, attacks by brown bears Ursus arctos are also on the rise and, although several studies have addressed this issue at local scales, information is lacking on a worldwide scale. Here, we investigated brown bear attacks (n = 664) on humans between 2000 and 2015 across most of the range inhabited by the species: North America (n = 183), Europe (n = 291), and East (n = 190). When the attacks occurred, half of the people were engaged in leisure activities and the main scenario was an encounter with a female with cubs. Attacks have increased significantly over time and were more frequent at high bear and low human population densities. There was no significant difference in the number of attacks between continents or between countries with different hunting practices. Understanding global patterns of bear attacks can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is crucial for informing wildlife managers and the public about appropriate measures to reduce this kind of conflicts in bear country.Peer reviewe

Modeling and response time analysis for web browsing under interruptions in LTE network

The modern development of the telecommunication technologies is closely related with the rapid data traffic growth problem under the conditions of limited frequency resources for mobile networks. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the utilization of the Licensed Shared Access (LSA) framework, which is developed with the assistance of ETSI. The LSA spectrum is shared between the owner (incumbent) and LSA licensee (e.g., mobile network operator). At any time, LSA spectrum could be used by incumbent or mobile network operator but not together at once. In this connection, if the incumbent needs its frequency, then LSA band becomes unavailable for mobile operator. This leads to service interruptions for mobile operator users. Service interruption has a significant impact both on quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE). In this regard, we propose the model of the LTE network cell with LSA framework as a finite capacity queuing system with unreliable server. The important QoS parameters of the model are moments of queue and service sojourn time. We derived formulas and provide numerical analysis of these performance measures. © ECMS Zita Zoltay Paprika, Péter Horák, Kata Váradi,Péter Tamás Zwierczyk, Ágnes Vidovics-Dancs, János Péter Rádics (Editors)

Modeling and response time analysis for web browsing under interruptions in LTE network

The modern development of the telecommunication technologies is closely related with the rapid data traffic growth problem under the conditions of limited frequency resources for mobile networks. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the utilization of the Licensed Shared Access (LSA) framework, which is developed with the assistance of ETSI. The LSA spectrum is shared between the owner (incumbent) and LSA licensee (e.g., mobile network operator). At any time, LSA spectrum could be used by incumbent or mobile network operator but not together at once. In this connection, if the incumbent needs its frequency, then LSA band becomes unavailable for mobile operator. This leads to service interruptions for mobile operator users. Service interruption has a significant impact both on quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE). In this regard, we propose the model of the LTE network cell with LSA framework as a finite capacity queuing system with unreliable server. The important QoS parameters of the model are moments of queue and service sojourn time. We derived formulas and provide numerical analysis of these performance measures. © ECMS Zita Zoltay Paprika, Péter Horák, Kata Váradi,Péter Tamás Zwierczyk, Ágnes Vidovics-Dancs, János Péter Rádics (Editors)