Prevencíon de la matitis bovina : limitantes de manejo en lecherías especializadas.

Mundialmente se considera que la mastitis bovina es una de las enfermedades más costosa que padecen los sistemas especializados en la producción de leche, debido a la drástica disminución en la producción de leche. los costos ocasionados en el tratamiento, los descartes de vacas por recidivas y la eliminación de leche tratada por la presencia de residuos de antibióticos (inhibidores) dadas las dificultades que éstos causan en los procesos industriales (Bascon y Young, 1998). La mastitis puede presentarse en forma clinica o subclinica. La forma clínica se caracteriza por cambios visibles ocurridos en la ubre o en la leche. en muchos casos puede involucrar a la vaca e incluso ocasionarle la muerte.Ganado de leche-Ganadería lech

Setting a baseline for global urban virome surveillance in sewage

The rapid development of megacities, and their growing connectedness across the world is becoming a distinct driver for emerging disease outbreaks. Early detection of unusual disease emergence and spread should therefore include such cities as part of risk-based surveillance. A catch-all metagenomic sequencing approach of urban sewage could potentially provide an unbiased insight into the dynamics of viral pathogens circulating in a community irrespective of access to care, a potential which already has been proven for the surveillance of poliovirus. Here, we present a detailed characterization of sewage viromes from a snapshot of 81 high density urban areas across the globe, including in-depth assessment of potential biases, as a proof of concept for catch-all viral pathogen surveillance. We show the ability to detect a wide range of viruses and geographical and seasonal differences for specific viral groups. Our findings offer a cross-sectional baseline for further research in viral surveillance from urban sewage samples and place previous studies in a global perspective

Global monitoring of antimicrobial resistance based on metagenomics analyses of urban sewage

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to global public health, but obtaining representative data on AMR for healthy human populations is difficult. Here, we use meta-genomic analysis of untreated sewage to characterize the bacterial resistome from 79 sites in 60 countries. We find systematic differences in abundance and diversity of AMR genes between Europe/North-America/Oceania and Africa/Asia/South-America. Antimicrobial use data and bacterial taxonomy only explains a minor part of the AMR variation that we observe. We find no evidence for cross-selection between antimicrobial classes, or for effect of air travel between sites. However, AMR gene abundance strongly correlates with socio-economic, health and environmental factors, which we use to predict AMR gene abundances in all countries in the world. Our findings suggest that global AMR gene diversity and abundance vary by region, and that improving sanitation and health could potentially limit the global burden of AMR. We propose metagenomic analysis of sewage as an ethically acceptable and economically feasible approach for continuous global surveillance and prediction of AMR.Peer reviewe

Counts, serovars, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of salmonella on raw chicken meat at retail in Colombia

The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella counts, serovars, and antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes on retail raw chicken carcasses in Colombia. A total of 301 chicken carcasses were collected from six departments (one city per department) in Colombia. Samples were analyzed for Salmonella counts using the most-probable-number method as recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service protocol. A total of 378 isolates (268 from our previous study) were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The overall Salmonella count (mean log most probable number per carcass ¡ 95% confidence interval) and prevalence were 2.1 (2.0 to 2.3) and 37%, respectively. There were significant differences (P , 0.05) by Salmonella levels (i.e., counts and prevalence) by storage temperature (i.e., frozen, chilled, or ambient), retail store type (wet markets, supermarkets, and independent markets), and poultry company (chicken produced by integrated or nonintegrated company). Frozen chicken had the lowest Salmonella levels compared with chicken stored at other temperatures, chickens from wet markets had higher levels than those from other retail store types, and chicken produced by integrated companies had lower levels than nonintegrated companies. Thirty-one Salmonella serovars were identified among 378 isolates, with Salmonella Paratyphi B tartrate-positive (i.e., Salmonella Paratyphi B dTz) the most prevalent (44.7%), followed by Heidelberg (19%), Enteritidis (17.7%), Typhimurium (5.3%), and Anatum (2.1%). Of all the Salmonella isolates, 35.2% were resistant to 1 to 5 antimicrobial agents, 24.6% to 6 to 10, and 33.9% to 11 to 15. Among all the serovars obtained, Salmonella Paratyphi B dTz and Salmonella Heidelberg were the most antimicrobial resistant. Salmonella prevalence was determined to be high, whereas cell numbers were relatively low. These data can be used in developing risk assessment models for preventing the transmission of Salmonella from chicken to humans in Colombia.El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los recuentos de Salmonella, los serovares y los fenotipos resistentes a los antimicrobianos en canales de pollo crudas al por menor en Colombia. Se recogieron 301 canales de pollo en seis departamentos (una ciudad por departamento) de Colombia. Se analizaron las muestras para determinar el recuento de Salmonella mediante el método del número más probable, tal como recomienda el protocolo del Servicio de Inspección de Seguridad Alimentaria del Departamento de Agricultura de Estados Unidos. Se identificaron 378 aislamientos (268 de nuestro estudio anterior) y se analizó su sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos. El recuento global de Salmonella (media del número log más probable por canal ¡intervalo de confianza del 95%) y la prevalencia fueron de 2,1 (2,0 a 2,3) y 37%, respectivamente. Hubo diferencias significativas (P , 0,05) en los niveles de Salmonella (es decir, recuentos y prevalencia) según la temperatura de almacenamiento (es decir, congelado, refrigerado o ambiente), el tipo de tienda minorista (mercados húmedos, supermercados y mercados independientes) y la empresa avícola (pollo producido por una empresa integrada o no integrada). El pollo congelado tenía los niveles más bajos de Salmonella en comparación con el pollo almacenado a otras temperaturas, los pollos de los mercados húmedos tenían niveles más altos que los de otros tipos de tiendas minoristas, y el pollo producido por empresas integradas tenía niveles más bajos que las empresas no integradas. Se identificaron 31 serovares de Salmonella entre los 378 aislados, siendo la Salmonella Paratyphi B tartrato-positiva (es decir, Salmonella Paratyphi B dTz) la más prevalente (44,7%), seguida de Heidelberg (19%), Enteritidis (17,7%), Typhimurium (5,3%) y Anatum (2,1%). De todos los aislados de Salmonella, el 35,2% eran resistentes a entre 1 y 5 agentes antimicrobianos, el 24,6% a entre 6 y 10, y el 33,9% a entre 11 y 15. Entre todos los serovares obtenidos, Salmonella Paratyphi B dTz y Salmonella Heidelberg fueron los más resistentes a los antimicrobianos. Se determinó que la prevalencia de Salmonella era alta, mientras que el número de células era relativamente bajo. Estos datos pueden utilizarse en la elaboración de modelos de evaluación del riesgo para prevenir la transmisión de Salmonella del pollo al ser humano en Colombia.Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.Escuela de Medicina Veterinari