Bs Mixing, DeltaGamma_s and CP Violation

We discuss the results from the Tevatron experiments on mixing and {\sf CP} violation in the $B_s-\bar{B}_s^0$ system, with particular emphasis to the first measurements of the decay width-difference $\Delta\Gamma_s$ and the {\sf CP} violating phase $\beta_s$ using flavor tagging information. We also briefly review the charge asymmetry measurements in semileptonic $B_s$ decays and in $B^\pm \to J/\psi K^\pm$ decays.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, Pub. Proceedings of the XLIIIrd Rencontres de Moriond on Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories, La Thuile, Italy, March 1-8, 200

Central serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor dysfunction in depression and epilepsy : the missing link?

5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT2A-Rs) are G-protein coupled receptors. In agreement with their location in the brain, they have been implicated not only in various central physiological functions including memory, sleep, nociception, eating and reward behaviors, but also in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Interestingly, a bidirectional link between depression and epilepsy is suspected since patients with depression and especially suicide attempters have an increased seizure risk, while a significant percentage of epileptic patients suffer from depression. Such epidemiological data led us to hypothesize that both pathologies may share common anatomical and neurobiological alteration of the 5-HT2A signaling. After a brief presentation of the pharmacological properties of the 5-HT2A-Rs, this review illustrates how these receptors may directly or indirectly control neuronal excitability in most networks involved in depression and epilepsy through interactions with the monoaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions. It also synthetizes the preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating the role of these receptors in antidepressant and antiepileptic responses.peer-reviewe

Viscous corrections to the resistance of nano-junctions: a dispersion relation approach

It is well known that the viscosity of a homogeneous electron liquid diverges in the limits of zero frequency and zero temperature. A nanojunction breaks translational invariance and necessarily cuts off this divergence. However, the estimate of the ensuing viscosity is far from trivial. Here, we propose an approach based on a Kramers-Kr\"onig dispersion relation, which connects the zero-frequency viscosity, $\eta(0)$, to the high-frequency shear modulus, $\mu_{\infty}$, of the electron liquid via $\eta(0) =\mu_{\infty} \tau$, with $\tau$ the junction-specific momentum relaxation time. By making use of a simple formula derived from time-dependent current-density functional theory we then estimate the many-body contributions to the resistance for an integrable junction potential and find that these viscous effects may be much larger than previously suggested for junctions of low conductance.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, Revised versio

Storage and release of fossil organic carbon related to weathering of sedimentary rocks

International audienceThe biogeochemical carbon cycle, which plays an undeniable role in global climate change, is defined both by the size of carbon reservoirs (such as the atmosphere, biomass, soil and bedrock) and the exchange between them of various mineral and organic carbon forms. Among these carbon forms, fossil organic carbon (FOC) (i.e., the ancient organic matter stored in sedimentary rocks) is widely observed in modern environments but is not included in the supergene carbon budget. Using a digitized map of the world and an existing model of CO2 consumption associated with rock weathering, we establish the global distribution of FOC stored in the first meter of sedimentary rocks and a first estimation of annual FOC delivery to the modern environment resulting from chemical weathering of these rocks. Results are given for the world's 40 major river basins and extended to the entire continental surface. With a mean value of 1100 109 t, mainly controlled by shale distribution, the global FOC stock is significant and comparable to that of soil organic carbon (1500 109 t). The annual chemical delivery of FOC, estimated at 43 106 t yr− 1 and controlled by the areal distribution of shales and runoff, is of the same order of magnitude as the FOC output flux to oceans. Chemical weathering of bedrock within the Amazon basin produces one-quarter of the total global flux of FOC derived from chemical weathering, and thus is expected to govern FOC release on a global scale. These results raise important questions concerning the role of FOC in the modern carbon cycle as well as the origin and the budget of carbon in soils and river

Paediatric ambulatory care sensitive hospitalisation and Italian deprivation index. Retrospective multilevel analysis of administrative data from 2008 to 2018 in the Abruzzo Region (Southern Italy)

OBJECTIVES: to estimate and analyse the trend of paediatric hospitalisations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSCs) from 2008 to 2018 in a region of southern Italy and to assess the association with the socio-economic deprivation index (DI). DESIGN: retrospective observational study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: ACSC hospitalisations in children (<=18 years) were identified. Discharges for ACSC of the Abruzzo Region from 2008 to 2018 were selected and the deprivation index of the municipality of residence was assigned to the hospital discharge record where the patient's residence was reported. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: the rate of paediatric preventable admissions (PPHs) related to ACSC, standardized by age and gender with the direct method, was calculated for the years of observation. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated with a trend analysis. In addition, the odds ratios (ORs) of hospitalisation for ACSC were calculated using a hierarchical logistic regression model. RESULTS: 252,513 hospitalisations were examined, of which 16,264 (6.4%) attributable to ACSC. During the study period, the hospitalisation rate decreased from 8.59 per 1,000 to 6.12 per 1,000 residents, with an AAPC of -3.7, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Furthermore, an association was highlighted between hospitalisations related to ACSC and the deprivation of the municipality of residence. Using as a comparison people residing in the municipalities belonging to the first quintile, the least deprived, the strength of the association between PPHs and DI increased from the third quintile (OR 1.13; CI95% 1.02-1.24) up to the fifth quintile, most deprived (OR 1.14; CI95% 1.01-1.30). CONCLUSIONS: paediatric patients residing in Abruzzo have a risk of undergoing a preventable hospitalisation associated with an ACSC which depends on the deprivation index of the municipality of residence. Although it is difficult to evaluate the mechanisms involved in the relationship between economic deprivation and hospitalisation, DI can be useful to identify the areas which are most at risk on which to prioritize public health interventions

Measurements of vehicle pollutants in a high-traffic urban area by a multiwavelength dial approach: Correlation between two different motor vehicle pollutants

The development and improvement of monitoring techniques to measure the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere are a starting point to guarantee high levels of human health and environmental safety. The combination of lidar and dial techniques, by measuring backscattering signals and reconstructing the map of their concentrations, can be used to provide detailed information about the presence of aerosols, particulate and pollutions. Moreover, by using a multiwavelength approach, it is possible to increase the measurement accuracy and reliability. In this work, the dial approach is used to monitor the pollution in a very congested urban area with high trac. In order to provide a validation of the results, correlation analyses between the measured pollutants was performed. A new lidar analysis method, based on the least-square minimization technique, was introduced and demonstrated to work properly. The dial capability to detect polluted areas was shown—and by correlation analysis—also the possibility to identify the source of pollutions can be performed

Exploring the Use of Experiential Learning Methods to Increase CBRNe Awareness and Emergency Preparedness of Children

In recent years, there has been an increase in chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive incidents, often involving or specifically targeting children. These emerging threats pose a significant risk to the physical, psychological, and social wellbeing of children and can cause damaging effects on their development and growth. Children are more susceptible to the lethal effects of CBRNe agents and require increased protection, specialized intervention and medical countermeasures, and expert mental health support post-incident. The Hyogo Framework established a widely adopted international commitment to educating children about disasters, through which many nations have implemented disaster risk reduction education platforms focused on increasing their knowledge about potential hazards. However, few countries have begun to explore the benefits of introducing a comprehensive CBRNe awareness and preparedness curriculum to children. Studies have shown that experiential learning methods offer a highly engaging and immersive learning experience and increase educational outcomes. This work aims to explore the potential benefits of developing an interactive educational tool to introduce basic skills to prepare children and communities against CBRNe incidents

Environmental improvement and conservation of useful pastures for wild herbivores in a Regional Park on the Apennines mountains

In order to investigate some effects of the environmental management with faunistic purpose on pastures located on the Apennines mountains, in open areas subjected to bracken fern (Pteridium aqulinum) infestation, samples of vegetation were taken for three years on an open area in the Regional Park of "Laghi di Suviana e Brasimone" (BO). Experimental samples, taken before and after the agronomical works, showed the effects of the pasture improvement on botanical composition, richness and biodiversity. The agronomical pasture management produced a considerable decrease in bracken density and an increase on biodiversity, and the final average value of the Pastoral Value index was quadruplicate. These results confirmed the effectiveness of the actions carried out and the importance of maintaining a continuous programme of pasture management through annual clearing of vegetation

Oral platelet gel supernatant plus supportive medical treatment versus supportive medical treatment in the management of radiation-induced oral mucositis: a matched explorative active control trial by propensity analysis

OBJECTIVES:: In this active control trial, the rate of radio-induced WHO grade 3/4 oral mucositis and the change in quality of life, assessed by OMWQ-HN, were measured in subjects with head and neck cancer treated by platelet gel supernatant (PGS) and supportive medical treatment versus subjects treated by supportive medical treatment alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Eighty patients with nonmetastatic head and neck cancer underwent curative or adjuvant radiotherapy. All patients underwent supportive medical treatment and/or PGS at the beginning and during radiotherapy. Sixteen patients received PGS in association with supportive medical treatment. To obtain 2 groups virtually randomized for important clinical characteristics subjects were matched, by propensity analysis, with a group of subjects (64 patients) treated with supportive medical treatment alone. RESULTS:: Subjects treated with standard supportive treatment experienced significant higher WHO grade 3/4 toxicity (55%; 35/64) than subjects treated by PGS (13%; 3/16). The reduced toxicity found in PGS group paralleled with the evidence that they developed later symptoms with respect to controls. The Cox proportional hazard model indicated that patients treated with standard supportive medical treatment experienced 2.7-fold increase (hazard ratio=2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.7) in the occurrence of WHO grade 3/4 toxicity. PGS group significantly experienced higher quality of life than control groups as measured by OMWQ-HN. A significant decrease in the opioid analgesics usage was found in the PGS group. CONCLUSIONS:: These preliminary data should be interpreted with caution and could serve as a framework around which to design future trials

Trend in primary caesarean delivery. A five-year experience in Abruzzo, Italy

Background: Primary caesarean section (PCS) rate is one of the main indicators of quality of care suggested by the Italian Government. Hospital rankings are usually based on it, therefore lower rates reflect more appropriate clinical practice. The aim of this study is to describe a five-year trend of PCS rate in Abruzzo region from 2009 to 2013 and to examine the medical indications for this mode of delivery. Methods: Forty-five thousand one hundred forty-nine deliveries occurring from 2009 to 2013 were collected from all hospital discharge records (HDR) and analyzed. Among them we found 12,542 PCS. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression methods to evaluate the relationship between maternal risk factors and PCS in hospital over 1000 delivery/yrs. Results: The five-year PCS rate was 28.9%, with a decreasing trend from 31.4% in 2009 to 26.1% in 2013. Vasto Civil Hospital shows the lowest PCS rate (17.9% in 2013) among hospitals with a maximum of 1000 deliveries per year, while Pescara Civil Hospital shows the lowest PCS rate (25.4% in 2013) among hospitals with over 1000 deliveries per year. Women with major risk factors for cesarean section delivered more frequently in maternity units over 1000 delivery/yrs. Logistic regression analyses showed as diabetes, hypertension, twin pregnancy, fetal distress and preterm delivery were significant risk factors to deliver in unit over 1000 delivery/yrs. The most frequent (overall 66.6%) discharge diagnosis recorded in Hospital discharge records (HDR) is "Caesarean Delivery Without Indication". 7.3% of PCS made in Abruzzo concerns women living in other Italian regions. 11.4% of PCS contains one of the indications to caesarean section (CS) that the Italian Guidelines consider appropriate. Conclusions: During the analyzed period, Abruzzo showed a decreasing, but still too high, PCS rate, compared to the limits fixed by the Italian Ministry of Health. Considering the limitation of this study, based on administrative data that are poor in clinical information, it is not possible to define the appropriateness of all caesarean sections