Vaciados de escayola y corridos de terraja en obras de restauración

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y el siglo XIX, se utilizaron numerosos elementos ornamentales en las fachadas de los edificios residenciales de las grandes ciudades, imitando las prácticas de la arquitectura monumental. Cornisas, impostas, escudos, molduras, ménsulas, etc., decoran los edificios respondiendo de esta forma a los intereses suscitados desde diferentes ámbitos: arquitectónico, económico, sociológico, etc. La piedra natural, por cuestiones económicas, era empleada en pocas ocasiones y se recurría a otras técnicas artesanales como la elaboración de la ornamentación en taller mediante vaciados de escayola o la ejecución "in situ" con pastas y morteros de yeso y corridos de terraja. Lo cierto es que, hoy en día, esos edificios forman parte del casco antiguo de las ciudades y se encuentran protegidos por normativas que impiden su destrucción o sustitución por otros acabados más "modernos". La restauración de estos elementos es compleja ya que se trata de materiales fácilmente degradables sometidos a los agentes atmosféricos y carentes de protecciones adecuadas; a esto se une la falta generalizada de conocimientos sobre las técnicas de trabajo y los materiales a emplear, que se agrava en un oficio artesanal que recibe numerosas presiones económicas que afectan a su trabajo. Materiales como la escayola, el pegamento de escayola o formulaciones especiales de semihidratos, como el “Álamo 70”, se mezclan en unas técnicas empíricas con resultados poco eficaces en muchas ocasiones. El presente artículo pretende arrojar luz sobre este campo, caracterizando los productos utilizados en la actualidad desde el punto de vista de su comportamiento al exterior y analizando distintas soluciones para la protección de los materiales frente a la acción del agua por métodos de hidrofugación en masa, en superficie o por inmersió

Mussel Shells from Marine Aquaculture Act like Ecosystem Engineers: Legacy Effects on Benthic Communities

Ecosystem engineers are organisms that cause changes in the physical state of biotic and abiotic structures that modulate the availability of resources to other species, thus affecting biochemical cycles. Molluscs, especially bivalves such as mussels, are widespread in coastal environments and they are excellent ecosystem engineers because of the durability of their shells, which add complexity and heterogeneity to benthic environments. The presence of mussel farms favours the accumulation of shells in benthic environments and may influence surrounding bare sediments, with potential legacy effects on benthic communities. We studied the effects of the accumulation of mussel shells at finfish farms and mussel farms by experimentally comparing bare sediment and sediment with fragmented shells in terms of the abundance of the most relevant faunal groups, specifically polychaete families as well as physical–chemical variables in sediment water samples, specifically organic matter (OM), redox potential, and acid-volatile sulphides (AVS) NH4+ and PO43−. The experiment was replicated under two environmental conditions over a period of 35 days: eutrophic muddy sediments and oligotrophic sandy sediments. The OM and AVS values were significantly higher in the eutrophic sediment with mussel shells. Only NH4+ was positively affected by the mussel shells in the oligotrophic conditions. Differences between the two environments were observed, and the effect of the mussel shells on the polychaete assemblages was more significant in the oligotrophic conditions. Mussel shell accumulations affected the structure of benthic assemblages by modifying their heterogeneity and complexity, which suggests that the presence of mussel farms above bare sediment may affect ecosystem functioning. Aquaculture has potentially negative or positive effects that must be addressed on a large scale, considering the increased input of organic matter and also the simultaneous presence of mussel shell waste, both of which alter the surrounding environment. This is particularly important in oligotrophic sandy sediment.This research was funded by the project CGL2015-70136-R from the Spanish National Agency for Research (MINECO/FEDER)

Heath-related quality of life in Spanish breast cancer patients: a systematic review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Breast cancer is one of the oncological diseases in which health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been most studied. This is mainly due to its high incidence and survival. This paper seeks to: review published research into HRQL among women with breast cancer in Spain; analyse the characteristics of these studies; and describe the instruments used and main results reported.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The databases consulted were MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Dialnet, IBECS, CUIDEN, ISOC and LILACS. The inclusion criteria required studies to: 1) include Spanish patients, and a breakdown of results where other types of tumours and/or women from other countries were also included; and, 2) furnish original data and measure HRQL using a purpose-designed questionnaire. The methodological quality of studies was assessed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Spain ranked midway in the European Union in terms of the number of studies conducted on the HRQL of breast cancer patients. Of the total of 133 papers published from 1993 to 2009, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Among them, only 12 were considered as having good or excellent quality. A total of 2236 women participated in the studies analysed. In descending order of frequency, the questionnaires used were the EORTC, FACT-B, QL-CA-Afex, SF-12, FLIC, RSCL and CCV. Five papers focused on validation or adaptation of questionnaires. Most papers examined HRQL in terms of type of treatment. Few differences were detected by type of chemotherapy, with the single exception of worse results among younger women treated with radiotherapy. In the short term, better results were reported for all HRQL components by women undergoing conservative rather than radical surgery. Presence of lymphedema was associated with worse HRQL. Three studies assessed differences in HRQL by patients' psychological traits. Psychosocial disorder and level of depression and anxiety, regardless of treatment or disease stage, worsened HRQL. In addition, there was a positive effect among patients who reported having a "fighting spirit" and using "denial" as a defence mechanism. One study found that breast cancer patients scored worse than did healthy women on almost all SF-12 scales.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Research into health-related quality of life of breast-cancer patients is a little developed field in Spain.</p

Unusually Low Heat of Adsorption of CO2 on AlPO and SAPO Molecular Sieves

[EN] The capture of CO2 from post-combustion streams or from other mixtures, such as natural gas, is an effective way of reducing CO2 emissions, which contribute to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. One of the developing technologies for this purpose is physisorption on selective solid adsorbents. The ideal adsorbents are selective toward CO2, have a large adsorption capacity at atmospheric pressure and are easily regenerated, resulting in high working capacity. Therefore, adsorbents combining molecular sieving properties and low heats of adsorption of CO2 are of clear interest as they will provide high selectivities and regenerabilities in CO2 separation process. Here we report that some aluminophosphate (AlPO) and silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) materials with LTA, CHA and AFI structures present lower heats of adsorption of CO2 (13¿25 kJ/mol) than their structurally analogous zeolites at comparable framework charges. In some cases, their heats of adsorption are even lower than those of pure silica composition (20¿25 kJ/mol). This could mean a great improvement in the regeneration process compared to the most frequently used zeolitic adsorbents for this application while maintaining most of their adsorption capacity, if materials with the right stability and pore size and topology are found.We acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities (MCIU), State Research Agency (AEI), and the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) for their funding via projects Multi2HYcat (EU-Horizon 2020 funded project under grant agreement no. 720783), Program Severo Ochoa SEV-2016-0683 and RTI2018-101033-B-I00 and also Fundacion Ramon Areces for funding through a research contract (CIVP18A3908). EP-B thanks the MCIU for his grant (FPU15/01602). NG-C thanks MCIU for her grant (BES-2016-078178).Pérez-Botella, E.; Martínez-Franco, R.; Gonzalez-Camuñas, N.; Cantin Sanz, A.; Palomino Roca, M.; Moliner Marin, M.; Valencia Valencia, S.... (2020). Unusually Low Heat of Adsorption of CO2 on AlPO and SAPO Molecular Sieves. Frontiers in Chemistry. 8:1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.588712S1108Bacsik, Z., Cheung, O., Vasiliev, P., & Hedin, N. (2016). Selective separation of CO2 and CH4 for biogas upgrading on zeolite NaKA and SAPO-56. Applied Energy, 162, 613-621. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.109BaerlocherC. H. McCuskerL. B. Database of Zeolite StructuresBoot-Handford, M. E., Abanades, J. C., Anthony, E. J., Blunt, M. J., Brandani, S., Mac Dowell, N., … Fennell, P. S. (2014). Carbon capture and storage update. Energy Environ. Sci., 7(1), 130-189. doi:10.1039/c3ee42350fBourgogneM. GuthJ.-L. WeyR. Process for the Preparation of Synthetic Zeolites, and Zeolites Obtained by Said Process1985Bui, M., Adjiman, C. S., Bardow, A., Anthony, E. J., Boston, A., Brown, S., … Mac Dowell, N. (2018). Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward. Energy & Environmental Science, 11(5), 1062-1176. doi:10.1039/c7ee02342aCheung, O., Liu, Q., Bacsik, Z., & Hedin, N. (2012). Silicoaluminophosphates as CO2 sorbents. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 156, 90-96. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.02.003Corma, A., Rey, F., Rius, J., Sabater, M. J., & Valencia, S. (2004). Supramolecular self-assembled molecules as organic directing agent for synthesis of zeolites. Nature, 431(7006), 287-290. doi:10.1038/nature02909Dawson, D. M., Griffin, J. M., Seymour, V. R., Wheatley, P. S., Amri, M., Kurkiewicz, T., … Ashbrook, S. E. (2017). A Multinuclear NMR Study of Six Forms of AlPO-34: Structure and Motional Broadening. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(3), 1781-1793. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11908Díaz-Cabañas, M.-J., & Barrett, P. A. (1998). Synthesis and structure of pure SiO2 chabazite: the SiO2 polymorph with the lowest framework density. Chemical Communications, (17), 1881-1882. doi:10.1039/a804800bFischer, M. (2017). Computational evaluation of aluminophosphate zeotypes for CO2/N2 separation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19(34), 22801-22812. doi:10.1039/c7cp03841kGarcía, E. J., Pérez-Pellitero, J., Pirngruber, G. D., Jallut, C., Palomino, M., Rey, F., & Valencia, S. (2014). Tuning the Adsorption Properties of Zeolites as Adsorbents for CO2 Separation: Best Compromise between the Working Capacity and Selectivity. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(23), 9860-9874. doi:10.1021/ie500207sGirnus, I., Jancke, K., Vetter, R., Richter-Mendau, J., & Caro, J. (1995). Large AlPO4-5 crystals by microwave heating. Zeolites, 15(1), 33-39. doi:10.1016/0144-2449(94)00004-cGlobal Status Report of CCS2019International Zeolite Association Synthesis CommissionLee, K. B., Beaver, M. G., Caram, H. S., & Sircar, S. (2008). Reversible Chemisorbents for Carbon Dioxide and Their Potential Applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47(21), 8048-8062. doi:10.1021/ie800795yLee, S.-Y., & Park, S.-J. (2015). A review on solid adsorbents for carbon dioxide capture. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 23, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2014.09.001Lemishko, T., Valencia, S., Rey, F., Jiménez-Ruiz, M., & Sastre, G. (2016). Inelastic Neutron Scattering Study on the Location of Brønsted Acid Sites in High Silica LTA Zeolite. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120(43), 24904-24909. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09012Leung, D. Y. C., Caramanna, G., & Maroto-Valer, M. M. (2014). An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 426-443. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.093Liu, X., Vlugt, T. J. H., & Bardow, A. (2011). Maxwell–Stefan diffusivities in liquid mixtures: Using molecular dynamics for testing model predictions. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 301(1), 110-117. doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2010.11.019Man, P. P., Briend, M., Peltre, M. J., Lamy, A., Beaunier, P., & Barthomeuf, D. (1991). A topological model for the silicon incorporation in SAPO-37 molecular sieves: Correlations with acidity and catalysis. Zeolites, 11(6), 563-572. doi:10.1016/s0144-2449(05)80006-5Martin, C., Tosi-Pellenq, N., Patarin, J., & Coulomb, J. P. (1998). Sorption Properties of AlPO4-5 and SAPO-5 Zeolite-like Materials. Langmuir, 14(7), 1774-1778. doi:10.1021/la960755cMartínez-Franco, R., Cantín, Á., Vidal-Moya, A., Moliner, M., & Corma, A. (2015). Self-Assembled Aromatic Molecules as Efficient Organic Structure Directing Agents to Synthesize the Silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-42 with Isolated Si Species. Chemistry of Materials, 27(8), 2981-2989. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00337Martínez-Franco, R., Li, Z., Martínez-Triguero, J., Moliner, M., & Corma, A. (2016). Improving the catalytic performance of SAPO-18 for the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction by controlling the Si distribution and crystal size. Catalysis Science & Technology, 6(8), 2796-2806. doi:10.1039/c5cy02298cMiyamoto, M., Fujioka, Y., & Yogo, K. (2012). Pure silica CHA type zeolite for CO2 separation using pressure swing adsorption at high pressure. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(38), 20186. doi:10.1039/c2jm34597hVan Nordstrand, R. A., Santilli, D. S., & Zones, S. I. (1988). An All-Silica Molecular Sieve That Is Isostructural with AlPO4-5. Perspectives in Molecular Sieve Science, 236-245. doi:10.1021/bk-1988-0368.ch015Palomino, M., Corma, A., Rey, F., & Valencia, S. (2009). New Insights on CO2−Methane Separation Using LTA Zeolites with Different Si/Al Ratios and a First Comparison with MOFs. Langmuir, 26(3), 1910-1917. doi:10.1021/la9026656Pham, T. D., Hudson, M. R., Brown, C. M., & Lobo, R. F. (2014). Molecular Basis for the High CO2Adsorption Capacity of Chabazite Zeolites. ChemSusChem, 7(11), 3031-3038. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402555Prakash, A. M., & Unnikrishnan, S. (1994). Synthesis of SAPO-34: high silicon incorporation in the presence of morpholine as template. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 90(15), 2291. doi:10.1039/ft9949002291Riboldi, L., & Bolland, O. (2017). Overview on Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) as CO2 Capture Technology: State-of-the-Art, Limits and Potentials. Energy Procedia, 114, 2390-2400. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1385Rubin, E. S., Davison, J. E., & Herzog, H. J. (2015). The cost of CO2 capture and storage. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 40, 378-400. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.05.018Schreyeck, L., Stumbe, J., Caullet, P., Mougenel, J.-C., & Marler, B. (1998). The diaza-polyoxa-macrocycle `Kryptofix222’ as a new template for the synthesis of LTA-type AlPO4. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 22(1-3), 87-106. doi:10.1016/s1387-1811(98)00082-1Shang, J., Li, G., Singh, R., Gu, Q., Nairn, K. M., Bastow, T. J., … Webley, P. A. (2012). Discriminative Separation of Gases by a «Molecular Trapdoor» Mechanism in Chabazite Zeolites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134(46), 19246-19253. doi:10.1021/ja309274ySircar, S., & Myers, A. (2003). Gas Separation by Zeolites. Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology. doi:10.1201/9780203911167.ch22Tagliabue, M., Farrusseng, D., Valencia, S., Aguado, S., Ravon, U., Rizzo, C., … Mirodatos, C. (2009). Natural gas treating by selective adsorption: Material science and chemical engineering interplay. Chemical Engineering Journal, 155(3), 553-566. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.010Thommes, M., Kaneko, K., Neimark, A. V., Olivier, J. P., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F., Rouquerol, J., & Sing, K. S. W. (2015). Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 87(9-10), 1051-1069. doi:10.1515/pac-2014-1117NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69–Carbon DioxideWilson, S. T., Lok, B. M., Messina, C. A., Cannan, T. R., & Flanigen, E. M. (1982). Aluminophosphate molecular sieves: a new class of microporous crystalline inorganic solids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 104(4), 1146-1147. doi:10.1021/ja00368a062Young, D., & Davis, M. E. (1991). Studies on SAPO-5: synthesis with higher silicon contents. Zeolites, 11(3), 277-281. doi:10.1016/s0144-2449(05)80232-5Zibrowius, B., Löffler, E., & Hunger, M. (1992). Multinuclear MAS n.m.r. and i.r. spectroscopic study of silicon incorporation into SAPO-5, SAPO-31, and SAPO-34 molecular sieves. Zeolites, 12(2), 167-174. doi:10.1016/0144-2449(92)90079-5Zones, S. I. (1991). Conversion of faujasites to high-silica chabazite SSZ-13 in the presence of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantammonium iodide. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 87(22), 3709. doi:10.1039/ft9918703709Zones, S. I., & Van Nordstrand, R. A. (1988). Novel zeolite transformations: The template-mediated conversion of Cubic P zeolite to SSZ-13. Zeolites, 8(3), 166-174. doi:10.1016/s0144-2449(88)80302-

Text messaging as a tool to improve cancer screening programs (M-TICS Study):A randomized controlled trial protocol

Background: Short message service (SMS) based interventions are widely used in healthcare and have shown promising results to improve cancer screening programs. However, more research is still needed to implement SMS in the screening process. We present a study protocol to assess the impact on health and economics of three targeted SMS-based interventions in population-based cancer screening programs. Methods/design: The M-TICs study is a randomized controlled trial with a formal process evaluation. Participants aged 50-69 years identified as eligible from the colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer (BC) screening program of the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Catalonia, Spain) will be randomly assigned to receive standard invitation procedure (control group) or SMS-based intervention to promote participation. Two interventions will be conducted in the CRC screening program: 1) Screening invitation reminder: Those who do not participate in the CRC screening within 6 weeks of invite will receive a reminder (SMS or letter); 2) Reminder to complete and return fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kit: SMS reminder versus no intervention to individuals who have picked up a FIT kit at the pharmacy and they have not returned it after 14 days. The third intervention will be performed in the BC screening program. Women who had been screened previously will receive an SMS invitation or a letter invitation to participate in the screening. As a primary objective we will assess the impact on participation for each intervention. The secondary objectives will be to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the interventions and to assess participants' perceptions. Expected results: The results from this randomized controlled trial will provide important empirical evidence for the use of mobile phone technology as a tool for improving population-based cancer screening programs. These results may influence the cancer screening invitation procedure in future routine practice

Desarrollo de método para la evaluación de la rotación de alumnos en hospital universitario para realizar prácticas clínicas

El objetivo de este proyecto es el de diseñar y desarrollar un método de evaluación que permita valorar, de manera objetiva, a los alumnos de la asignatura de Prácticas Clínicas del Master de Optometría y Visión de la Facultad de Óptica y Optometría durante la realización de dichas prácticas en un Hospital Universitario con pacientes reales

Visual and optical quality of enhanced intermediate monofocal versus standard monofocal intraocular lens

Purpose: Intraocular lens designs are constantly evolving, trying to obtain more spectacle independence after cataract surgery. This advantage can be linked to some disadvantages, such as optical quality decrease. For that reason, it is important to assess, not only the amount of vision provided but also the quality of vision once they are implanted. The purpose of the present work was to compare the visual performance between two monofocal intraocular models: a standard model and a monofocal with enhanced intermediate vision lens. Methods: Prospective, randomized, comparative study. Sixty adult subjects scheduled to undergo bilateral cataract surgery and IOL implantation were randomized to receive one of the two IOLs in both eyes at Miranza IOA, Madrid, Spain (group A: monofocal with enhanced intermediate vision lens and group B: standard monofocal lens). Monocular outcomes (right eyes) determined 1 and 3 months postoperatively were photopic corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), perceived halo, corrected intermediate-distance contrast sensitivity, and higher-order aberrations. The impact of the new IOL in the postoperative management with autorefraction devices was also evaluated. Results: No differences were found in CDVA between the two groups. Significant differences were detected between the two lenses evaluated in both total HOA (p = 0.028) and internal HOA (p = 0.037). Contrast sensitivity and halometry results obtained at 1 month were similar across the two IOL groups. Conclusion: In patients undergoing cataract surgery, monofocal with enhanced intermediate vision IOL offered similar distance performance and contrast sensitivity along with perceived HOA and halos compared with the standard monofocal IOLs tested

Spirometry and respiratory oscillometry: Feasibility and concordance in schoolchildren with asthma

Producción CientíficaObjective:The purpose of this study was to describe the feasibility of respiratory oscillometry (RO) in schoolchildren with asthma, and the concordance of its results with those of spirometry, to determine its clinical usefulness. Methods:RO and spirometry were performed in 154 children (6 to 14-year-old) with asthma, following strict quality criteria for the tests. Their feasibility (probability of valid test, time of execution, number of maneuvers needed to achieve a valid test, and perceived difficulty) was compared. The factors that influence feasibility were analyzed with multivariate methods. FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FVC and FEF25-75 for spirometry, and R5, AX and R5-19 for RO, were converted into z-scores and their concordance was investigated through intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and kappa indices for normal/abnormal values. Results:There were no differences in the probability of obtaining a valid RO or spirometry (83.1% vs. 81.8%, p = 0.868). RO required a lower number of maneuvers [mean (SD) 4.2 (1.8) versus 6.0 (1.6), p < 0.001] and less execution time [5.1 (2.7) versus 7.6 (2.4) minutes, p < 0.001], and patients considered it less difficult. Age increased the probability of obtaining valid RO and spirometry. The concordance of results between RO and spirometry was low, and only between zFEV1 and zAX could it be considered moderate (ICC = 0.412, kappa = 0.427). Conclusion:RO and spirometry are feasible in children with asthma. RO has some practical advantages, but the concordance of its results with spirometry is low.Junta de Castilla y León (Gerencia Regional de Salud - Grant/Award Number: 2191/A/2020

Malas noticias: análisis de su tratamiento mediático e impacto en la nueva L.O. 1/2015 de reforma del Código Penal

Memoria ID-0026. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2015-2016

El análisis del tratamiento de las noticias penales en las redes sociales y su repercusión en la opinión pública y la política general

Memoria ID-0044. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2014-2015