In Vitro Propagation of Sugarcane for Certified Seed Production

Micropropagation of sugarcane is important to obtain pathogen-free plants, genetically homogeneous and invigorate. The micropropagation procedure is divided into stages for the sake of better understanding. Micropropagation for large-scale sugarcane production using a temporary immersion system (TIS) is described. In addition, the aim of this chapter is to report, from the laboratory to the field, the best way to establish and use basic seed (primary seed), semicommercial seed (foundation or secondary seed) and commercial seed production. In conclusion, commercial sugarcane micropropagation enables the massive multiplication of plants to obtain certified vitroplants and increase the sugarcane and sugar productivity per unit area

Light‐Emitting Diodes: Progress in Plant Micropropagation

In commercial micropropagation laboratories, the light source is one of the most important factors controlling plant morphogenesis and metabolism of plant cells and tissue and organ cultures. Lamp manufacturers have begun to rate lamps specifically for plant needs. The traditional light source used for in vitro propagation is fluorescent lamps (FLs). However, power consumption in FL use is expensive and produces a wide range of wavelengths (350–750 nm) unnecessary for plant development. Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently emerged as an alternative for commercial micropropagation. The flexibility of matching LED wavelengths to plant photoreceptors may provide more optimal production, influencing plant morphology and chlorophyll content. Although previous reports have confirmed physiological effects of LED light quality on morphogenesis and growth of several plantlets in vitro, these study results showed that LED light is more suitable for plant morphogenesis and growth than FLs. However, the responses vary according to plant species. This chapter describes the applications and benefits of LED lamps on chlorophyll in plant micropropagation. Two study cases are exposed, Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum) and moth orchids (Phalaenopsisis sp.), both species with economic importance as ornamental plants, where LEDs have a positive effect on in vitro development and chlorophyll content

Análisis distribucional de la abeja sin aguijón Scaptotrigona mexicana (Apidae: Meliponini) en México: Información de referencia para Veracruz

Objective: To obtain the specific geographic distribution based on the stingless bee Scaptotrigonna mexicana in Mexico and the state of Veracruz. Design/methodology/approach: 2202 coordinates of the Gbif database were filtered using a spocc database manager in the programming language R. Subsequently, 55 coordinates were obtained with which multiple models of maximum entropy were calibrated with nine predictive environmental variables of 19 initials in MaxEnt 3.3 .3 in ENMeval. The best performing model (AUC> 0.897 and AICc = 0) was reclassified into 5 categories of climatic suitability with the k-means clustering technique. Results: The specific geographic distribution pattern was obtained based on the climatic suitability of S. mexicana in Mexico and Veracruz, which was classified into five categories: very low or zero, low, medium, high and very high. Here we show two large zones of climatic suitability in Mexico for S. mexicana, which could be divided by the geographical barrier of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the first zone is located in the Sierra Norte de Puebla and Veracruz influenced by the Transversal Mountain System and the Sierra Madre Oriental and the second in the south of the country in the South Pacific Coast, Chiapas and Guatemala. The variables that determine this pattern is the seasonality of temperature and precipitation in the wettest and driest quarter. In Veracruz, 52 municipalities were divided into two large groups with potential for the exploitation and conservation of S. mexicana, the first in the North zone and the second in the Central Zone of the state. Findings/conclusions: The incorporation of environmental variables of greater spatial and temporal resolution is necessary to extend the accuracy of the pollination pattern of S. mexicana at local scales.Objetivo: Obtener la distribución geográfica específica con base en la abeja sin aguijón Scaptotrigona mexicana en México y el estado de Veracruz. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se filtraron 2202 coordenadas de la base de datos Gbif utilizando un gestor de base datos spocc en el lenguaje de programación R. Posteriormente se obtuvieron 55 coordenadas con las que se calibraron múltiples  modelos de máxima entropía con nueve variables ambientales predictivas de 19 iniciales en MaxEnt 3.3.3 en ENMeval. El modelo con mejor rendimiento (AUC> 0.897 y AICc = 0) se reclasificó en cinco categorías de idoneidad climática con la técnica de clustering k-means. Resultados: Se obtuvo el patrón de distribución geográfico específico basado en la idoneidad climática de S. mexicana en México y Veracruz, el cual se clasificó en 5 categorías: muy baja o nula, baja, media, alta y muy alta. Aquí mostramos dos grandes zonas de idoneidad climática en México para S. mexicana, las cuales podrían estar divididas por la barrera geográfica del Istmo de Tehuantepec, la primera zona se localiza en la Sierra Norte de Puebla y Veracruz influenciada por el Sistema Montañoso Transversal y la Sierra Madre Oriental y la segunda al sur de país en la Costa del Pacifico Sur, Chiapas y Guatemala. En Veracruz se encontraron 50 municipios divididos en dos grandes grupos con potencial para el aprovechamiento y conservación de S. mexicana, el primero en la zona Norte y el segundo en la Zona Centro del estado. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Es necesario la incorporación de variables ambientales de mayor resolución espacial y temporal, para ampliar la precisión del patrón de polinización de S. mexicana a escalas locales. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Existen dos grandes zonas de distribución de S. mexicana en en el país, localizadas en zona norte y la zona sur delimitados claramente por el Istmo de Tehuantepec. En Veracruz hay un total de 50 municipios distribuidos en la zona norte y centro que se benefician de forma potencial por el patrón de distribución S. mexicana, con medio, alto y muy alto para el aprovechamiento de la misma

Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in cardiovascular, cerebral and metabolic diseases.

Resveratrol-a natural polyphenolic compound-was first discovered in the 1940s. Although initially used for cancer therapy, it has shown beneficial effects against most cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A large part of these effects are related to its antioxidant properties. Here we review: a) the sources, the metabolism, and the bioavailability of resveratrol; b) the ability of resveratrol to modulate redox signalling and to interact with multiple molecular targets of diverse intracellular pathways; c) its protective effects against oxidative damage in cardio-cerebro-vascular districts and metabolic disorders such as diabetes; and d) the evidence for its efficacy and toxicity in humans. The overall aim of this review is to discuss the frontiers in the field of resveratrol's mechanisms, bioactivity, biology, and health-related use

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity