Retos y oportunidades para la industria minera como potencial impulsor del desarrollo en Colombia

Mining has been included as the main driver of productive development in Colombia’s strategic development plan. In particular, the expansion of large-scale mining has been driven by emerging foreign investment interests and projects. The price of gold continues to rise, amidst the stock market crash caused by the coronavirus outbreak, reaching 1940 USD per ounce. In fact, gold has reached its highest values ​​in recent years, thus proving to be the mechanism for investors to avoid risk. Also, it has boosted the mining industry, as well as artisanal and small-scale mining. However, the consequences of the expansion of mineral extraction activities could lead to a state of environmental emergency, affecting not only the social sphere but also the ecosystems and the health of the surrounding communities. In this paper, we provide a literature review on the mining industry. In addition, we highlight its main challenges from a comprehensive and multidisciplinary contextual perspective that involves outlining some environmental indicators and their impact at the local level. This allows us to suggest, from an academic standpoint, the minimum bases required to implement best practices in environmental policy and, thus, achieve a more sustainable mining production. For this purpose, we define the critical factors for regulatory management and sustainability assessment—a fundamental strategy for decision-making in the sector. These critical points make it possible to prioritize the development of efficiency metrics in mineral transformation and contribute to the construction of common indicators for the protection of biodiversity. From a social point of view, a comprehensive management will strengthen best practices and call for corporate social responsibility to provide local communities with the necessary participation mechanisms to intervene in conflicts over mining areas.  Colombia ha incluido la minería en su plan estratégico de desarrollo como principal motor productivo. Surgen intereses y apuestas de inversión internacional que potencian la expansión de la minería a gran escala. El oro sigue incrementando su valor en plena tormenta bursátil por la expansión del coronavirus, donde alcanza un precio de 1940 dólares-onza, se ubica en valores máximos durante los últimos años, demuestra ser el mecanismo en la huida del riesgo de inversores, se potencia la industria minera y, a su vez, la expansión de los procesos de minería artesanal y en pequeña-escala. Las consecuencias por la expansión de las actividades de extracción mineral pueden conducir a un estado de calamidad ambiental, no sólo social, sino a ecosistemas y salud de las comunidades aledañas. En este artículo, se hace una revisión de la literatura asociada a la industria minera, destacando los principales desafíos del sector a partir de la presentación de una mirada integral y multidisciplinar del entorno, resaltando algunos indicadores ambientales y su impacto en el ámbito local. Esto permite sugerir, desde la perspectiva académica, las bases mínimas para implementar mejores prácticas de política ambiental para desarrollar una producción minera sostenible. Para esto, se establecen los puntos críticos para la gestión normativa y la evaluación de la sostenibilidad, estrategia fundamental para la toma de decisiones en el sector. Estos puntos críticos permiten priorizar el desarrollo de métricas de eficiencia en el proceso de transformación mineral y, de esta manera, aportar a la construcción de indicadores comunes de protección de la biodiversidad. Desde el punto de vista social, la gestión integral permitirá fortalecer mejores prácticas y apelará por la responsabilidad social-corporativa, otorgándoles a las comunidades locales los mecanismos de participación necesarios para intervenir en los conflictos por las áreas mineras

Manipulating the alpha level cannot cure significance testing

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = 0.05 to p = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and sample size much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should be taken as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, and implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, or anything else, is not acceptable

Retos y oportunidades para la industria minera como potencial impulsor del desarrollo en Colombia

Colombia ha incluido la minería en su plan estratégico de desarrollo como principal motor productivo. Surgen intereses y apuestas de inversión internacional que potencian la expansión de la minería a gran escala. El oro sigue incrementando su valor en plena tormenta bursátil por la expansión del coronavirus, donde alcanza un precio de 1940 dólares-onza, se ubica en valores máximos durante los últimos años, demuestra ser el mecanismo en la huida del riesgo de inversores, se potencia la industria minera y, a su vez, la expansión de los procesos de minería artesanal y en pequeña-escala. Las consecuencias por la expansión de las actividades de extracción mineral pueden conducir a un estado de calamidad ambiental, no sólo social, sino a ecosistemas y salud de las comunidades aledañas. En este artículo, se hace una revisión de la literatura asociada a la industria minera, destacando los principales desafíos del sector a partir de la presentación de una mirada integral y multidisciplinar del entorno, resaltando algunos indicadores ambientales y su impacto en el ámbito local. Esto permite sugerir, desde la perspectiva académica, las bases mínimas para implementar mejores prácticas de política ambiental para desarrollar una producción minera sostenible. Para esto, se establecen los puntos críticos para la gestión normativa y la evaluación de la sostenibilidad, estrategia fundamental para la toma de decisiones en el sector. Estos puntos críticos permiten priorizar el desarrollo de métricas de eficiencia en el proceso de transformación mineral y, de esta manera, aportar a la construcción de indicadores comunes de protección de la biodiversidad. Desde el punto de vista social, la gestión integral permitirá fortalecer mejores prácticas y apelará por la responsabilidad social-corporativa, otorgándoles a las comunidades locales los mecanismos de participación necesarios para intervenir en los conflictos por las áreas mineras.Mining has been included as the main driver of productive development in Colombia’s strategic development plan. In particular, the expansion of large-scale mining has been driven by emerging foreign investment interests and projects. The price of gold continues to rise, amidst the stock market crash caused by the coronavirus outbreak, reaching 1940 USD per ounce. In fact, gold has reached its highest values ​​in recent years, thus proving to be the mechanism for investors to avoid risk. Also, it has boosted the mining industry, as well as artisanal and small-scale mining. However, the consequences of the expansion of mineral extraction activities could lead to a state of environmental emergency, affecting not only the social sphere but also the ecosystems and the health of the surrounding communities. In this paper, we provide a literature review on the mining industry. In addition, we highlight its main challenges from a comprehensive and multidisciplinary contextual perspective that involves outlining some environmental indicators and their impact at the local level. This allows us to suggest, from an academic standpoint, the minimum bases required to implement best practices in environmental policy and, thus, achieve a more sustainable mining production. For this purpose, we define the critical factors for regulatory management and sustainability assessment—a fundamental strategy for decision-making in the sector. These critical points make it possible to prioritize the development of efficiency metrics in mineral transformation and contribute to the construction of common indicators for the protection of biodiversity. From a social point of view, a comprehensive management will strengthen best practices and call for corporate social responsibility to provide local communities with the necessary participation mechanisms to intervene in conflicts over mining areas. &nbsp

Volumen II. Tomo II. Catálogo de biodiversidad de las regiones andina, pacífica y piedemonte amazónico. Nivel Local. Volumen 2 Tomo 2. Serie Planeación ambiental para la conservación de la biodiversidad en áreas operativas de Ecopetrol

Bogotá, D. C.Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbold

Manipulating the Alpha Level Cannot Cure Significance Testing

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = 0.05 to p = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and sample size much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should be taken as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, and implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, or anything else, is not acceptable