The tragedy of the science-policy gap – Revised legislation fails to protect an endangered species in a managed boreal landscape

Unsustainable use of forest resources poses a serious threat to biodiversity worldwide. This threat is particularly important in boreal biomes, where intensive production-oriented forestry is widely applied. Legislation is one of the key tools for preserving nature from anthropogenic damage. Designation of environmental legislation should be grounded on sound scientific evidence in order to be effective. We assess the impact of guidelines enforcing the Finnish ad-hoc legislation aimed at preserving breeding sites and resting places of the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans), a protected species in Finland and in the European Union under the Habitats Directive. Its habitat is under pressure from widespread forest clear-cutting practices. We collected data on site occupancy by breeding female flying squirrels from 81 sites spanning 12 years (2005-2016) and on relevant habitat variables around the site. Using generalized linear mixed models we quantified the predicted occupancy of breeding female flying squirrels in relation to the cover of breeding habitat around a site. We then compared the resulting habitat requirements of breeding females with the habitat that would be retained according to the initial national legislation guidelines and their proposed first revision. We show that both the initial and the proposed revision of the habitat protection guidelines allow the retention of breeding habitat patches of minimal size, which would yield a very low (less than 5%) predicted occupancy by a breeding flying squirrel female. The current revised guidelines are not science-driven and remain ineffective in safeguarding the species habitat from expanding forestry. These results expose the wide gap between science and policy for the implementation of environmental legislation, in this case the Habitats Directive, to protect species of conservation concern. There is an urgent need to fill the science-policy gap in order to achieve the preservation of biodiversity in a world under rapid transformation.Peer reviewe

The Psocoptera of Norway spruce (Picea abies) branches in northern Finland

The psocid fauna living on spruce branches was studied in northern Finland, both in urban areas near the industrial city of Oulu and in rural surroundings, during the years 1986-88. Samples of about 6000 psocids of 19 species were taken from old and young spruces. The psocid assemblage of the rural area of Taivalkoski differed significantly from other areas according to the pooled data of old spruces. Mesopsocus unipunctatus (Müller), Caecilius burmeisteri Brauer and Trichadenotecnum majus (Kolbe) were most numerous in the most urban areas, Reuterella helvimacula (Enderlein) in the areas characterized by the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes

The tragedy of the science-policy gap – Revised legislation fails to protect an endangered species in a managed boreal landscape

Unsustainable use of forest resources poses a serious threat to biodiversity worldwide. This threat is particularly important in boreal biomes, where intensive production-oriented forestry is widely applied. Legislation is one of the key tools for preserving nature from anthropogenic damage. Designation of environmental legislation should be grounded on sound scientific evidence in order to be effective. We assess the impact of guidelines enforcing the Finnish ad-hoc legislation aimed at preserving breeding sites and resting places of the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans), a protected species in Finland and in the European Union under the Habitats Directive. Its habitat is under pressure from widespread forest clear-cutting practices. We collected data on site occupancy by breeding female flying squirrels from 81 sites spanning 12 years (2005-2016) and on relevant habitat variables around the site. Using generalized linear mixed models we quantified the predicted occupancy of breeding female flying squirrels in relation to the cover of breeding habitat around a site. We then compared the resulting habitat requirements of breeding females with the habitat that would be retained according to the initial national legislation guidelines and their proposed first revision. We show that both the initial and the proposed revision of the habitat protection guidelines allow the retention of breeding habitat patches of minimal size, which would yield a very low (less than 5%) predicted occupancy by a breeding flying squirrel female. The current revised guidelines are not science-driven and remain ineffective in safeguarding the species habitat from expanding forestry. These results expose the wide gap between science and policy for the implementation of environmental legislation, in this case the Habitats Directive, to protect species of conservation concern. There is an urgent need to fill the science-policy gap in order to achieve the preservation of biodiversity in a world under rapid transformation.Peer reviewe

Taimenseurannat Tuulomajoen vesistön Suomen puolen latvajoissa 2011 - 2014

Tuulomajoen vesistön Suomen puoleiset latvavedet, Lutto-, Anteri-, Jauru-, Hirvas- ja Nuorttijoki ylläpitävät eräitä maamme viimeisistä ainoastaan luonnonvaraiseen lisääntymiseen perustuvista järvitaimenkannoista. Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos (nykyään Luonnonvarakeskus, Luke) on seurannut näiden latvajokien arvokkaiden taimenkantojen tilaa satunnaisesti 1980-luvulta lähtien ja säännöllisesti vuodesta 2003 alkaen, keskittyen Lutto- ja Nuorttijoen vesistöihin. Seurannat on viime vuosina toteutettu yhteistyössä Metsähallituksen kanssa. Tässä raportissa esitellään alueen taimenseurantojen keskeiset tulokset vuosilta 2011–2014 ja peilataan niitä suhteessa aiempiin vuosiin. Sähkökoekalastuksien perusteella taimenen poikastuotanto Lutto- ja Nuorttijoen vesistöissä on säännöllistä, joskin poikastiheydet ovat verraten alhaisia ja poikasten esiintyminen on osin laikuttaista. Korkeimmat taimenen poikastiheydet havaitaan rauhoitetulta Muorravaarakkajoelta, jossa vuosittaiset keskitiheydet ovat vaihdelleet 8,6–31,7 poikaseen aarilla (yksi kalastuskerta) vuosina 2011– 2014. Taimenen poikasia esiintyy Nuorttijoen vesistössä tasaisemmin kuin Luttojoen vesistössä. Kokonaisuutena tarkastellen vesistöjen poikastiheyksissä ei ole tapahtunut merkittäviä muutoksia suhteessa aiempiin tutkimusvuosiin (2003–2010) ja havaitut tiheydet ovat Oulankajoen-Koutajoen vesistön taimenjokien tasolla tai jopa hieman suurempia. Pintasukelluslaskentojen perusteella Luttojoen vesistön kututaimenkantojen tilassa on viime vuosien aikana tapahtunut positiivista kehitystä. Kutukalamäärät ovat kasvaneet vakiolaskentaalueilla Suomu- ja Muorravaarakkajoessa, jonka lisäksi isoja vaellustaimenia on alkanut esiintyä myös aivan vesistön latvoilla, Kulasjoen yläosilla. Positiiviseen kehitykseen on todennäköisesti vaikuttanut mm. Muorravaarakka- ja Kulasjoen rauhoittaminen kalastukselta sekä muut käyttöönotetut kalastuksen säätelytoimet. Vahvistuvat kutukannat mahdollistavat suuremman poikastuotannon ja voivat parhaimmillaan johtaa nousukalamäärien kasvamiseen noin 5–7 vuoden aikajänteellä. Alustavien geneettisten selvitysten perusteella Tuuloman vesistön Suomen puolen latvajoissa esiintyy perinnöllisesti erilaistuneita taimenkantoja. Populaatiorakenteessa voidaan erotella karkeasti kolme geneettisesti erilaistunutta ryhmää, joita ovat: (1) Kulasjoki-Luttojoki, (2) Muorravaarakkajoki-Suomujoki ja (3) Nuorttijoki. Taimenkantojen perinnöllinen erilaistuminen on syytä huomioida alueen taimenkantojen hoitoa suunniteltaessa. Tuulomajoen latvavesien luonnonvaraisten järvitaimenkantojen hoito ja ylläpito perustuu kalastuksen säätelyyn. Kalastus on mitoitettava taimenkantojen tilan mukaan ja siinä on huomioitava koko taimenen elinkierto sekä Suomen että Venäjän puolelle. Alueen taimenkantojen nykytila ei mahdollista kalastustehon nostamista, vaan kalastuksen säätelytoimilla olisi edelleen pyrittävä kasvattamaan kutukalamääriä ja poikastuotannon tasoa.201

Invertebrate fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings and its connection with the nitrogen, sulphur and phenolics concentration of the needles

The composition of the invertebrate fauna living on young Norway spruce (Picea abies) branches was studied in northern Finland both in urban and rural areas during the summer months of 1988. Attention was given to the total nitrogen, sulphur and phenolics concentration of the needles. The material consisted of 52627 invertebrates from 300 separate spruce saplings. Mites formed the majority of the invertebrates. Most numerous were Ameronothrus dubinini, Diapterobates humeralis and Ceratoppia bipilis. Springtails and spiders were also numerous. The invertebrate abundances were highest in the urban areas of Isko and Linnanmaa, where the sulphur and nitrogen concentration of the needles was high and the phenolics/nitrogen ratio low. The lowest invertebrate abundances were found in Rusko, the most urban area, and Taivalkoski, the most rural area. Nitrogen and sulphur concentrations were highest at Rusko and lowest at Taivalkoski. Possible reasons for the results are discussed

Effects of forest management on the spatial distribution of the willow tit (Poecile montanus)

Modification, fragmentation and loss of boreal forest habitats have been intensive during the last century due to forestry practises and land use. This has been related to population declines of many forest species, yet the mechanisms affecting on the background are largely unknown. The willow tit, a primary cavity-nesting species that was once the 4th most common bird species in Finland is nowadays endangered. Earlier findings suggest that the willow tit population is affected by the reduction of nesting sites, decaying snags in forests and the loss of mature forests which contain the food storages during the winter. In this study we are searching for the mechanisms how the forest management methods could explain the decline of the willow tit population. We used long-term breeding data of the willow tit nesting sites from 1990 to 2020 collected in a study area in northern Finland to analyse if forest management affected nearest neighbour distances and natal dispersal and breeding dispersal distances. We used Geographic Information System (GIS) methods to combine the ecological breeding data to accurate spatial forest management and habitat quality data. The data was analysed with linear mixed models. We found that clear-cuttings affected the willow tit dispersal and neighbouring nest distances more than thinnings. Both clear-cuttings and thinnings increased the nearest neighbour distances. The natal and breeding dispersal distances were lengthened by increasing proportions of clear-cuttings. The habitat loss caused by clear-cuttings and the decrease in habitat quality caused by thinnings has had a major role in the decline of the willow tit population. The forest management actions were estimated to explain about 65 % of the willow tit breeding density decrease in the study area. The effects of forest management were witnessed in a cumulative 0-30-year period meaning that forest management causes long-term habitat degradation and loss. Availability of deciduous snags in the forests can compensate the habitat loss to some extent by providing better breeding opportunities. As the effects of clear-cutting were more severe to the willow tit than thinning, we recommend using other forest management methods than clear-cutting as the main management method.Peer reviewe

Population dynamics of an expanding passerine at the distribution margin

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Karvonen, J.; Orell, M.; Rytkönen, S.; Broggi, J.; Belda Perez, EJ. (2012). Population dynamics of an expanding passerine at the distribution margin. Journal of Avian Biology. 43(2):102-108. doi:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05376.x., which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05376.x. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving [http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-817011.html ]Individuals may be maladapted to novel environments at the species' distribution margin. We investigated population dynamics in a marginal habitat where reproduction has been proven poor. Survival, population growth rate (¿) and its components, breeding and natal dispersal were studied in great tits Parus major breeding at the northern margin of its distribution in northern Finland. We used long term capture-mark-recapture data sets. Study area size and population density were used to explain adult survival rates. The average annual estimates of adult survival rose from 0.371 to 0.388 between the periods of 1971-1984 and 1999-2009. The estimates are slightly lower than estimates of small passerines in Europe. Low local survival rate of fledglings (0.050-0.055) probably reflects intensified emigration from this low quality area. Temporal variation in ¿ was large (0.498-1.856). Despite of low adult survival and recruitment rates, the mean estimates of ¿ (1.008 and 1.033) indicate an overall stability in the population size. Indeed, our results suggest that the immigration has an important role in the population dynamics of northern great tits. Thus the population is demographically and genetically dependent on core habitats which may cause adaptive problems due to intensive gene flow. Given those limitations, options for evolution of local adaptations in northern distribution margins are discussed.Satu Lampila, Mikko Ojanen, Suvi Ponnikas, Kari Koivula and numerous other field workers helped with data collection over the years. Veli-Matti Pakanen and Emma Vatka helped with the manuscript. Financial support for this study was provided by the Research Council for Biosciences and Environment of the Academy of Finland.Karvonen, J.; Orell, M.; Rytkönen, S.; Broggi, J.; Belda Pérez, EJ. (2012). Population dynamics of an expanding passerine at the distribution margin. Journal of Avian Biology. 43(2):102-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05376.xS102108432Bauchau, V., & Van Noordwijk, A. J. (1995). Comparison of survival estimates obtained from three different methods of recapture in the same population of the great tit. Journal of Applied Statistics, 22(5-6), 1031-1038. doi:10.1080/02664769524775Broggi, J., Hohtola, E., Orell, M., & Nilsson, J.-Å. (2005). LOCAL ADAPTATION TO WINTER CONDITIONS IN A PASSERINE SPREADING NORTH: A COMMON-GARDEN APPROACH. Evolution, 59(7), 1600-1603. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01810.xClobert, J., Perrins, C. M., McCleery, R. H., & Gosler, A. G. (1988). Survival Rate in the Great Tit Parus major in Relation to Sex, Age, and Immigration Status. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 57(1), 287. doi:10.2307/4779Dhondt, A. A., Adriaensen, F., Matthysen, E., & Kempenaers, B. (1990). Nonadaptive clutch sizes in tits. Nature, 348(6303), 723-725. doi:10.1038/348723a0Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., van Noordwijk, A. J., Rutten, A. L., & Drent, P. J. (2003). Natal dispersal and personalities in great tits ( Parus major ). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270(1516), 741-747. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2300Doncaster, C. P., Clobert, J., Doligez, B., Gustafsson, L., & Danchin, E. (1997). Balanced Dispersal Between Spatially Varying Local Populations: An Alternative To The Source‐Sink Model. The American Naturalist, 150(4), 425-445. doi:10.1086/286074Gould, W. R., & Nichols, J. D. (1998). ESTIMATION OF TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF SURVIVAL IN ANIMAL POPULATIONS. Ecology, 79(7), 2531-2538. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2531:eotvos]2.0.co;2GREENWOOD, P. J., HARVEY, P. H., & PERRINS, C. M. (1978). Inbreeding and dispersal in the great tit. Nature, 271(5640), 52-54. doi:10.1038/271052a0Greño, J. L., Belda, E. J., & Barba, E. (2008). Influence of temperatures during the nestling period on post-fledging survival of great tit Parus major in a Mediterranean habitat. Journal of Avian Biology, 39(1), 41-49. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04120.xHORAK, P., & LEBRETON, J.-D. (2008). Survival of adult Great Tits Parus major in relation to sex and habitat; a comparison of urban and rural populations. Ibis, 140(2), 205-209. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1998.tb04380.xKawecki, T. J. (2008). Adaptation to Marginal Habitats. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39(1), 321-342. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095622Kokko, H. (2006). From Individual Dispersal to Species Ranges: Perspectives for a Changing World. Science, 313(5788), 789-791. doi:10.1126/science.1128566KVIST, L., ARBABI, T., PÄCKERT, M., ORELL, M., & MARTENS, J. (2007). Population differentiation in the marginal populations of the great tit (Paridae: Parus major). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90(2), 201-210. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00726.xLampila, S., Orell, M., Belda, E., & Koivula, K. (2006). Importance of adult survival, local recruitment and immigration in a declining boreal forest passerine, the willow tit Parus montanus. Oecologia, 148(3), 405-413. doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0386-3Lebreton, J.-D., Burnham, K. P., Clobert, J., & Anderson, D. R. (1992). Modeling Survival and Testing Biological Hypotheses Using Marked Animals: A Unified Approach with Case Studies. Ecological Monographs, 62(1), 67-118. doi:10.2307/2937171Lenormand, T. (2002). Gene flow and the limits to natural selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17(4), 183-189. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02497-7Matthysen, E., Adriaensen, F., & Dhondt, A. A. (2001). Local recruitment of great and blue tits (Parus major, P. caeruleus) in relation to study plot size and degree of isolation. Ecography, 24(1), 33-42. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240105.xORELL, M. (2008). Population fluctuations and survival of Great Tits Par us major dependent on food supplied by man in winter. Ibis, 131(1), 112-127. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1989.tb02750.xORELL, M., LAHTI, K., & MATERO, J. (2008). High survival rate and site fidelity in the Siberian Tit Parus cinctus, a focal species of the taiga. Ibis, 141(3), 460-468. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1999.tb04415.xPayevsky, V. A. (2006). Mortality rate and population density regulation in the great tit, Parus major L.: A review. Russian Journal of Ecology, 37(3), 180-187. doi:10.1134/s1067413606030064Postma, E., & van Noordwijk, A. J. (2005). Gene flow maintains a large genetic difference in clutch size at a small spatial scale. Nature, 433(7021), 65-68. doi:10.1038/nature03083Pradel, R. (1996). Utilization of Capture-Mark-Recapture for the Study of Recruitment and Population Growth Rate. Biometrics, 52(2), 703. doi:10.2307/2532908Pulliam, H. R. (1988). Sources, Sinks, and Population Regulation. The American Naturalist, 132(5), 652-661. doi:10.1086/284880Rytkonen, S., & Orell, M. (2001). Great tits, Parus major, lay too many eggs: experimental evidence in mid-boreal habitats. Oikos, 93(3), 439-450. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930309.xRytkonen, S., & Krams, I. (2003). Does foraging behaviour explain the poor breeding success of great tits Parus major in northern Europe? Journal of Avian Biology, 34(3), 288-297. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048x.2003.03041.xSasvari, L., & Orell, M. (1992). Breeding Success in a North and a Central European Population of the Great Tit Parus major. Ornis Scandinavica, 23(1), 96. doi:10.2307/3676432Tinbergen, J. M. (2004). Strong evidence for selection for larger brood size in a great tit population. Behavioral Ecology, 15(4), 525-533. doi:10.1093/beheco/arh045Väisänen R. A. Lammi E. Koskimies P 1998 Muuttuva pesimälinnusto Otava, KeuruuVerhulst, S., Perrins, C. M., & Riddington, R. (1997). NATAL DISPERSAL OF GREAT TITS IN A PATCHY ENVIRONMENT. Ecology, 78(3), 864-872. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0864:ndogti]2.0.co;2Visser, M. E., & Verboven, N. (1999). Long-Term Fitness Effects of Fledging Date in Great Tits. Oikos, 85(3), 445. doi:10.2307/3546694White, G. C., & Burnham, K. P. (1999). Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study, 46(sup1), S120-S139. doi:10.1080/0006365990947723

From feces to data : A metabarcoding method for analyzing consumed and available prey in a bird-insect food web

Diets play a key role in understanding trophic interactions. Knowing the actual structure of food webs contributes greatly to our understanding of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The research of prey preferences of different predators requires knowledge not only of the prey consumed, but also of what is available. In this study, we applied DNA metabarcoding to analyze the diet of 4 bird species (willow tits Poecile montanus, Siberian tits Poecile cinctus, great tits Parus major and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus) by using the feces of nestlings. The availability of their assumed prey (Lepidoptera) was determined from feces of larvae (frass) collected from the main foraging habitat, birch (Betula spp.) canopy. We identified 53 prey species from the nestling feces, of which 11 (21%) were also detected from the frass samples (eight lepidopterans). Approximately 80% of identified prey species in the nestling feces represented lepidopterans, which is in line with the earlier studies on the parids' diet. A subsequent laboratory experiment showed a threshold for fecal sample size and the barcoding success, suggesting that the smallest frass samples do not contain enough larval DNA to be detected by high-throughput sequencing. To summarize, we apply metabarcoding for the first time in a combined approach to identify available prey (through frass) and consumed prey (via nestling feces), expanding the scope and precision for future dietary studies on insectivorous birds.Peer reviewe

Kymijoen kalatalouden kehittämisen monitavoitearviointi vaelluskalakantojen elvyttämiseksi

”Kymijoen vaelluskalakantojen elvyttämisen tulevaisuuskuvat, vaihtoehdot ja toimintaohjelma vuosille 2015 - 2020” -hankkeessa on tarkasteltu mahdollisuuksia Kymijoen alaosan tilan ja käytön kehittämiseksi pääpainon ollessa vaelluskalakantojen elvyttämisessä. Hankkeen tavoitteena oli • Laatia yhdessä Kymijoen alueen toimijoiden kanssa suositukset toimenpiteistä, joilla edistetään Kymijoen vaelluskalakantojen elvyttämistä ja eri osapuolten tavoitteiden yhteensovittamista. • Luoda foorumi ja strukturoitu prosessi, jossa asianosaiset yhdessä keskustelevat Kymijoen ”käytön kehittämisen” tavoitteista, tulevaisuuskuvista ja keinoista niiden saavuttamiseksi. • Laatia kokonaisvaltainen, eri osapuolten näkemyksiä kokoava ja yhteensovittava toimintaohjelma, jossa esitetään jatkotoimenpiteet ja niiden kiireellisyysjärjestys. • Kehittää myös muissa vesistöissä hyödynnettävä lähestymistapa vaelluskalakantojen elvyttämisprosesseihin • Hyödyntää toiminnallisia ryhmätyötekniikoita ja monitavoitearvioinnin ”työkaluja” ensimmäistä kertaa yhdessä. Hanke rajattiin koskemaan Kymijoen alaosaa. Painopiste oli niissä tavoitteissa ja toimenpiteissä, joilla on vaikutusta Kymijoen vaelluskalakantoihin. Merialue, jokisuu ja yläpuolinen vesistö olivat mukana niiltä osin kuin niiden tavoitteet liittyvät tai toimenpiteet vaikuttavat Kymijoen alaosan vaelluskalakantoihin. Hankkeessa järjestettiin sidosryhmille 4 työpajaa, joihin osallistui 34 - 43 henkilöä. Hankkeessa määritettiin ensin suunnitteluongelma, tunnistettiin hankkeen kannalta olennaiset sidosryhmät (55 kpl) ja niiden roolit sekä tehtiin työtä koskevia rajauksia. Työpajoissa sidosryhmät toivat esille tavoitteensa, niitä ryhmiteltiin ja yhdistettiin (19 kpl). Näin saatiin yhteinen käsitys huomioon otettavista Kymijoen kehittämistavoitteista keskustelujen pohjalle. Myös kaikki toimenpiteet (>50 kpl) tuotiin esille ja niitä lisättiin keskustelujen kuluessa. Seuraavaksi hankkeessa arvioitiin toimenpiteiden vaikutukset tavoitteisiin nähden ja priorisoitiin tutkimustarpeita (25 kpl). Lisäksi hankkeessa tunnistettiin näkemyseroja ja keskusteltiin niistä mahdollisimman avoimesti. Lopuksi muodostettiin suositukset Kymijoen vaelluskalakantojen elvyttämiseksi. Hankkeessa kiinnitettiin erityistä huomiota vuorovaikutuksen onnistumiseen. Vuoropuhelua tukemaan oli käytössä monia keinoja: keskustelua tukevan miellyttävän ilmapiirin luominen, alustukset aiheiden ja keskustelun virittäjinä, tavoitelähtöinen ja järjestelmällinen työskentelytapa, työskentelyn joustavuus vuoropuhelun seurauksena, ryhmäkeskustelut, avoimuus ja osallistujia arvostava ote. Tässä hankkeessa toiminnallisia menetelmiä ja monitavoitearviointia sovellettiin ensimmäistä kertaa samassa hankkeessa. Kokemusten perusteella menetelmät tukivat hyvin toisiaan. Hankkeessa löydettiin hyvä tasapaino vapaamuotoisemman vuoropuhelun sekä jäsennetyn ja järjestelmällistä arviointia eteenpäin vievän keskustelun välillä.201