Chemical and Functional Characterizations of Chickpea Protein Concentrate

Many protein concentrates have been developed for providing different functional or physical properties to meet the requirement of various food systems. The main purpose of this research work was to evaluate the most refined form of protein from chickpea and to combat the problem of malnutrition. In this research work, chickpea (Cicer arientum L.) was collected from Monywa Township, Sagaing  Region and nutritional values of chickpea flour like moisture content, ash content, protein content, crude fiber content, fat content, carbohydrate content and energy value were determined. The fat from chickpea flour was removed by soaking in ethanol and also by soxhlet extraction using ethanol as solvent before isolating the protein. The fat removal efficiency of these two methods were investigated. Moreover, combined effect of these two methods on the removal percentage of fat from chickpea was studied. 46.15±0.04% protein content (defatted chickpea) was obtained by soaking in ethanol solution for 20 hr and followed by soxhlet extraction (meal to solvent ratio were1:6).

Collaborative Survey and Collection of Brassica Vegetable Genetic Resources in Myanmar in 2018 and 2019

Exploration and collection surveys were conducted from October 25 to November 9, 2018 and from February 10 to 26, 2019, under the collaboration between Tokyo University of Agriculture (TUA), Japan, and the Department of Agriculture Research, Myanmar. The 2018 survey was conducted at Shan State, Mandalay Region, and in a part of the Sagaing Region. In 2019, genetic resources were collected from the Eastern Shan State. Genetic resources were collected from farmlands, farmers’ houses, local markets, and areas surrounding administrative offices of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation. In all, 110 accessions, including 82 of Brassica juncea, 11 of Brassica oleracea L. Alboglabra Group, one of Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group, and 16 of Raphanus sativus L, were collected. The collected genetic resources were divided between the Myanmar Seed Bank and TUA for the Plant Genetic Resources in Asia Project, and half of the collected resources was imported to Japan and introduced there as per the Standard Material Transfer Agreement. Imported seeds will be multiplied and evaluated in Japan and will become available from the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Genebank, Japan, for research, breeding, and educational purposes.ミャンマー連邦共和国において，“Mohn Nyin” と呼ばれるカラシナを中心としたアブラナ野菜の遺伝資源探索収集を行った．2018 年 10 月 25 日から 11 月 9 日までシャン州カロー周辺，マンダレー管区およびザガイン管区の一部で収集を行った．また，2019 年 2 月 10 日から 26 日は東部シャン州において収集を行った．その結果，Brassica juncea 82 点，B. oleracea L. Alboglabra Group 11 点，B. oleracea L. Capitata Group 1 点，Raphanus sativus L. 16 点の計 110 点が収集された．調査はミャンマー農業畜産潅漑省農業研究局および東京農業大学の共同で行われた．収集品は 2 分し，一方はミャンマーシードバンクで，他方は SMTA に基づき日本に導入された後，農業研究，育種，教育目的で配布可能な遺伝資源として，農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構遺伝資源センターにて保存される

Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)-giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life-is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.This work was primarily supported by grant no. OPP1132415 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Co-authors used by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (E.G.P. and R.R.3) provided feedback on initial maps and drafts of this manuscript. L.G.A. has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Código de Financiamento 001 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (grant nos. 404710/2018-2 and 310797/2019-5). O.O.Adetokunboh acknowledges the National Research Foundation, Department of Science and Innovation and South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis. M.Ausloos, A.Pana and C.H. are partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project no. PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P.C.B. would like to acknowledge the support of F. Alam and A. Hussain. T.W.B. was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. K.Deribe is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant no. 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his international intermediate fellowship. C.H. and A.Pana are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project no. PN-III-P2-2.1-SOL-2020-2-0351. B.Hwang is partially supported by China Medical University (CMU109-MF-63), Taichung, Taiwan. M.Khan acknowledges Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University for their support. A.M.K. acknowledges the other collaborators and the corresponding author. Y.K. was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (grant no. XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITM/0004). K.Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M.Kumar would like to acknowledge FIC/NIH K43 TW010716-03. I.L. is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panamá. M.L. was supported by China Medical University, Taiwan (CMU109-N-22 and CMU109-MF-118). W.M. is currently a programme analyst in Population and Development at the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Office in Peru, which does not necessarily endorses this study. D.E.N. acknowledges Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council. G.C.P. is supported by an NHMRC research fellowship. P.Rathi acknowledges support from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. Ramu Rawat acknowledges the support of the GBD Secretariat for supporting the reviewing and collaboration of this paper. B.R. acknowledges support from Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A.Ribeiro was supported by National Funds through FCT, under the programme of ‘Stimulus of Scientific Employment—Individual Support’ within the contract no. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND 2018/CEECIND/02386/2018/CP1538/CT0001/PT. S.Sajadi acknowledges colleagues at Global Burden of Diseases and Local Burden of Disease. A.M.S. acknowledges the support from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F.S. was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20190929172835662). A.Sheikh is supported by Health Data Research UK. B.K.S. acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. B.U. acknowledges support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. C.S.W. is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y.Z. was supported by Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant no. Q20201104) and Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Technology Innovation Team Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant no. T2020003). The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. All maps presented in this study are generated by the authors and no permissions are required to publish them

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39.4-40.7) to 50.3% (50.0-50.5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46.3% (95% UI 46.1-46.5) in 2017, compared with 28.7% (28.5-29.0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88.6% (95% UI 87.2-89.7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664-711) of the 1830 (1797-1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76.1% (95% UI 71.6-80.7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53.9% (50.6-59.6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The Eccentricity Sequence of a Graph

There are several interesting non negative integer sequences (for example, eccentric sequences, distance-sum sequences, branch-weight sequences) associated with vertices in graphs. In this paper, the eccentricity sequences of graphs are studied and some properties of graphs having preassigned eccentric sequence are expressed. Moreover, the necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence to be eccentric is discussed

Improving Hadoop MapReduce Performance Using Speculative Execution Strategy in a Heterogeneous Environment

MapReduce is currently a parallel computingframework for distributed processing of large-scaledata intensive application. The most importantperformance metric is job execution time but it canbe seriously impacted by straggler machines.Speculative execution is a common approach for thisproblem by backing up slow tasks on alternativemachines. Some schedulers with speculativeexecution have been proposed but they have someweaknesses:(i) they cannot calculate the progressrate accurately because the progress scores of thephases are set to constant values which may betotally different for heterogeneous environment, (ii)they define the stragglers by specifying a staticthreshold value which calculates the temporaldifference between an individual task and theaverage task progression. To get the betterperformance, this paper proposes an algorithmidentifying the stragglers by the more accurateprogress of each job based on its own historicalinformation and using a dynamic threshold valueadjusting the continuously varying environmentautomatically

Mining Association Rule by Using Prefix Graph with an Efficient Flow-Based Strategy

PG Miner, a graph-based Algorithm for mining frequent closed item sets consists of construction a prefix graph structure and decomposing the database to variable length bit vectors, which are assigned to nodes of the graph. The main advantage of this representation is that the bit vectors at each node are relatively shorter than others existing methods. Use projected databases to prune their non-closed item sets. There are two typical strategies adopted by these algorithms: (1) an effective pruning strategy to reduce the combinational search space of candidate item sets and (2) a compresses data representation to facilitate in-core processing of the item sets

A STUDY ON FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESS OF MALARIA PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAMME IN BAGO REGION

This study focuses on the “Factors contributing to success of Malaria Prevention and Control Programme in Bago Region". Bago Region is the one of the region of elimination area and five successful regions which has higher rate of reduction of Malaria transmission and incidence in Myanmar. The objectives of study are to analyze Malaria Prevention and Control Programme and to identify the factors contributing to success of Malaria Programme for elimination in Bago Region. Descriptive method is used in this study by qualitative approaches and quantitative analysis based on the primary and secondary data. Primary data are collected from Key Informant Interviews (KII) with focal persons of Malaria in Bago Region and implementing partners. According to the results, key activities contributing of prevention and control activities in Bago Region are Micro-Stratification, Long Lasting Insecticidal Net, Indoor Residual Spraying, Information and Health Education and Communication, Early Diagnosis Treatment, Supervision and Monitoring and Evaluation, Surveillance, Supply and Management

Physico-chemical Properties of Extracted Mung Bean Protein Concentrate

Many protein concentrates have been developed for providing different functional or physical properties to meet the requirement of various food systems. The main purpose of this research work was to evaluate the most refined form of protein from mung bean and to combat the problem of malnutrition. In this research work, mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) was collected from Monywa Township, Sagaing Region and nutritional values of mung bean flour like moisture content, ash content, protein content, crude fiber content, fat content and carbohydrate content were determined. The fat from mung bean flour was removed by soaking in ethanol and also by soxhlet extraction using ethanol as solvent before isolating the protein. The fat removal efficiency of these two methods was investigated. Moreover, combined effect of these two methods on the removal percentage of fat from mung bean was studied. 51.37±0.03% protein content (defatted mung bean) was obtained by soaking in ethanol solution for 16 hr and followed by soxhlet extraction (meal to solvent ratio were1:5). The morphological nature and elemental compositions of the mung bean protein concentrate were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrophotometer respectively