Diálogos entre la Convención sobre la Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías (CISG) y la lex mercatoria

This work analyzes the tight connection that exist between the CISG and the lex mercatoria, since the first embody the second. Amid these a sort of dialogue occurs. The lex mercatoria supply the CISG, either at the contract level or the normative, acting as a resource for the interpretation and integration, as well as the rule that govern the contract. The CISG, as manifestation of the lex mercatoria, operate in the same way, either as source for the integration of the contract, or as the rule applicable to international contracts.El presente artículo analiza la estrecha relación que existe entre la Convención sobre la Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías (CISG) y la lex mercatoria, en razón de que la primera constituye una manifestación concreta de la segunda. Entre ambas se produce una suerte de diálogo. La lex mercatoria complementa a la CISG, tanto en el plano contractual como en el normativo, actuando como dispositivo de interpretación integradora, y como ley de fondo aplicable. La CISG, en cuanto manifestación de la lex mercatoria, opera en la misma forma, tanto como fuente integradora de la voluntad contractual como en cuanto ley de fondo aplicable a contratos internacionales

La tercerización de servicios de mantenimiento para el área de mantenimiento de maquinaria y su incidencia en el estado de resultados de la empresa Constructores Minero Andes S.R.L., Cajamarca – 2018

La empresa Constructores Minero Andes S.R.L., está dedicada al diseño de proyectos, ejecución y supervisión de obras de la Industria Minera y de la Construcción Civil, como también comercialización de productos relacionados con la construcción y prestación de servicios. El análisis de la presente tesis de investigación se enfocará en el área de maquinaria, en la que se realizará una comparación entre los estados de resultados sin tercerización (años 2015 y 2016) y con tercerización (años 2017 y 2018), de manera que se pueda analizar la influencia que presenta la tercerización en el estado de resultados. El objetivo principal de la presente tesis de investigación es analizar la incidencia de la tercerización de servicios de mantenimiento para el área de mantenimiento de maquinaria en el estado de resultados de la Empresa Constructores Minero Andes S.R.L., Cajamarca – 2018 y para ello, se evaluarán los estados de resultados de los años que la empresa no realizaba tercerización y los años en que realiza tercerización, para su comparación respectiva. Al finalizar el trabajo de investigación se concluye que la incidencia que presenta la tercerización de servicios de mantenimiento para el área de mantenimiento de maquinaria en el estado de resultados de la Empresa Constructores Minero Andes S.R.L., es de manera indirecta, habiéndose podido verificar que, tercerizando los servicios de mantenimiento se reduce los costos de operaciones en 17.79%, logrando que la utilidad neta aumente en 37.59%.The company Constructores Minero Andes S.R.L., is dedicated to the design of projects, execution and supervision of works of the Mining Industry and Civil Construction, as well as commercialization of products related to the construction and provision of services. The analysis of this research thesis will focus on the area of machinery, in which a comparison will be made between the statements of results without outsourcing (years 2015 and 2016) and with outsourcing (years 2017 and 2018), so that can analyze the influence of outsourcing on the income statement. The main objective of this research thesis is to analyze the incidence of outsourcing of maintenance services for the machinery maintenance area in the income statement of the Company Constructores Minero Andes SRL, Cajamarca - 2018 and for this purpose the states will be evaluated of results of the years that the company did not perform the outsourcing and the years that the realization of the outsourcing, for their respective comparison. At the end of the research work, the impact of the outsourcing of maintenance services for the machinery maintenance area in the income statement of the Constructores Minero Andes SRL Company is concluded, is indirectly, having detected verifying that, outsourcing the maintenance services reduce operating costs by 17.79%, making net income increase by 37.59%

El uso de un recurso digital para la creación de historietas a partir de estrategias de planificación multinivel

This presentation has the main intention of proposing the experience made with a tool which was used in order to generate comics in the frame of Technologies Applied to an Inclusive Education from the second year of the complementary cycle of the bachelor’s degree in Special Education, San Luis National University. The experience consisted in articulating proposals to favor the enrichment of the technological language of future graduates, with multilevel planning as an inclusive curricular programming strategy. Using a digital tool like Playcomic and the possibilities that this tool offers to carry out programming of inclusive educational activities. The readings from the analysis of the experience carried out with this group of students were interesting, challenging and productive. We are facing a scenery change that requires a strong and continuous capacity for self-reflection on the part of the entire educational system. The current legal guidelines encourage the development of inclusive processes at the educational level, demanding that the system be adapted to address diversity in its broad aproach and not making a simplistic reductionism thinking that diversity only has to do with people withdisabilitiesEste trabajo tiene la intención de plantear la experiencia realizada con una herramienta digital para generar cómics en el marco de la asignatura Tecnologías Aplicadas a la Educación Inclusiva del segundo año del ciclo de complementación curricular Licenciatura en Educación Especial de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis (Argentina). La experiencia consistió en articular propuestas para favorecer el enriquecimiento del lenguaje tecnológico de los futuros licenciados, con la planificación multinivel como estrategia de programación curricular inclusiva. Para esto se recurrió a una herramienta digital como Playcomic y a las posibilidades que esta herramienta ofrece para realizar programaciones de actividades educativas inclusivas. Las lecturas a partir del análisis de la experiencia realizada con este grupo de estudiantes resultaron interesantes, desafiantes y productivas. Nos encontramos frente a un cambio de escenario que requiere, por parte de todo el sistema educativo, una fuerte y continua capacidad de autorreflexión. Los actuales lineamientos legales fomentan el desarrollo de procesos inclusivos a nivel educativo, exigiendo que el sistema se adecue para atender a la diversidad en su amplio espectro y no haciendo un reduccionismo simplista pensando que la diversidad solo tiene que ver con las personas con discapacidad

Características fisicoquímicas y reológicas de leches fortificadas con sales de calcio

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los cambios en las características fisicoquímicas y reológicas de leches fortificadas con diferentes sales de calcio. Se formularon muestras de leche utilizando leche en polvo descremada con diferentes concentraciones de cloruro y lactato de calcio (0,5 y 30 mmol kg-1). Se utilizaron diferentes técnicas fisicoquímicas y reométricas para analizar el efecto de la fortificación con calcio sobre la leche. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, para ambas sales de calcio, parte del calcio añadido migra al interior de la micela de caseína formando fosfato de calcio coloidal y que el calcio añadido como lactato de calcio ingresa en mayor proporción. Una fracción de proteínas del suero también se integraría a la estructura micelar. En tal sentido, sería factible una adición de 5 mmol kg-1 de cloruro o lactato de calcio como modificación tecnológica, debido a que el equilibrio mineral y la estabilidad térmica no se ven afectadossignificativamente a dicha concentración. Se concluyó que los resultados obtenidos a partir de las técnicas fisicoquímicas comúnmente utilizadas en la literatura, están en concordancia con los obtenidos por reometría, demostrando que esta técnica sencilla y rápida permite inferir sobre cambios en el equilibrio mineral y los efectos sobre la estabilidad térmica cuando se utilizan diferentes sales en la fortificación de leches.Fil: Acosta, Nadia Belén. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Sihufe, Guillermo Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Meza, Barbara Erica del Valle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Marino, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Costabel, Luciana Maria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Zorrilla, Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Olivares, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; Argentin

Actividad de la miel de abeja y avispa en el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli y Salmonella typhi

La presencia de una alta concentración azucares como glucosa y fructosa, ácidos orgánicos como el ácido glucónico, flavonoides y la enzima glucosa-oxidasa; sumado a la presencia de bacterias lácticas, son algunos de los factores a los que se les atribuye el efecto antimicrobiano. Se determinó el efecto de dos tipos de miel de abeja, tipo mantequilla originaria de Xico Veracruz, y una originaria de Guerrero y la miel de avispa también de Guerrero en el crecimiento de Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus empleando la técnica de difusión de Kirby-Bauer modificada. La bacteria S. aureus resulto ser sensible a la miel tipo mantequilla y con sensibilidad intermedia a la miel de abeja proveniente de Guerrero. S. typhi y E. coli mostraron una sensibilidad intermedia ante la miel de abeja miel tipo mantequilla y la miel proveniente de Guerrero. Las tres bacterias resultaron resistentes a la miel de avispa.The presence of a high concentration of sugars like glucose and fructose, organic acids such as gluconic acid, flavonoids and the enzyme glucose oxidase, coupled with the presence of lactic acid bacteria, are some of the factors that are attributed the antimicrobial effect. The effect of two types of honey, butter originating type Xico Veracruz, and originally from Guerrero and honey wasp Guerrero also in the growth of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus using diffusion technique of Kirby was determined -Bauer modified. S. aureus bacteria proved to be sensitive to the type honey butter and intermediate sensitivity to honey from Guerrero. S. typhi and E. coli showed an intermediate sensitivity to honey bee honey type butter and honey from Guerrero. The three bacteria were resistant to honey bee

Global burden of influenza-associated lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Influenza illness burden is substantial, particularly among young children, older adults, and those with underlying conditions. Initiatives are underway to develop better global estimates for influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths. Knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of influenza viruses in severe respiratory disease and hospitalizations among adults, particularly in lower-income settings. Methods and findings: We aggregated published data from a systematic review and unpublished data from surveillance platforms to generate global meta-analytic estimates for the proportion of acute respiratory hospitalizations associated with influenza viruses among adults. We searched 9 online databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Global Health, LILACS, WHOLIS, and CNKI; 1 January 1996–31 December 2016) to identify observational studies of influenza-associated hospitalizations in adults, and assessed eligible papers for bias using a simplified Newcastle–Ottawa scale for observational data. We applied meta-analytic proportions to global estimates of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and hospitalizations from the Global Burden of Disease study in adults ≥20 years and by age groups (20–64 years and ≥65 years) to obtain the number of influenza-associated LRI episodes and hospitalizations for 2016. Data from 63 sources showed that influenza was associated with 14.1% (95% CI 12.1%–16.5%) of acute respiratory hospitalizations among all adults, with no significant differences by age group. The 63 data sources represent published observational studies (n = 28) and unpublished surveillance data (n = 35), from all World Health Organization regions (Africa, n = 8; Americas, n = 11; Eastern Mediterranean, n = 7; Europe, n = 8; Southeast Asia, n = 11; Western Pacific, n = 18). Data quality for published data sources was predominantly moderate or high (75%, n = 56/75). We estimate 32,126,000 (95% CI 20,484,000–46,129,000) influenza-associated LRI episodes and 5,678,000 (95% CI 3,205,000–9,432,000) LRI hospitalizations occur each year among adults. While adults <65 years contribute most influenza-associated LRI hospitalizations and episodes (3,464,000 [95% CI 1,885,000–5,978,000] LRI hospitalizations and 31,087,000 [95% CI 19,987,000–44,444,000] LRI episodes), hospitalization rates were highest in those ≥65 years (437/100,000 person-years [95% CI 265–612/100,000 person-years]). For this analysis, published articles were limited in their inclusion of stratified testing data by year and age group. Lack of information regarding influenza vaccination of the study population was also a limitation across both types of data sources. Conclusions: In this meta-analysis, we estimated that influenza viruses are associated with over 5 million hospitalizations worldwide per year. Inclusion of both published and unpublished findings allowed for increased power to generate stratified estimates, and improved representation from lower-income countries. Together, the available data demonstrate the importance of influenza viruses as a cause of severe disease and hospitalizations in younger and older adults worldwide

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat