Dysfunctional telomeres in primary cells from Fanconi anemia FANCD2 patients

© 2012 Joksic et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Background: Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by sensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, mild cellular, and marked clinical radio sensitivity. In this study we investigated telomeric abnormalities of non-immortalized primary cells (lymphocytes and fibroblasts) derived from FA patients of the FA-D2 complementation group, which provides a more accurate physiological assessment than is possible with transformed cells or animal models. Results: We analyzed telomere length, telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIFs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), telomere sister chromatid exchanges (T-SCE), apoptosis and expression of shelterin components TRF1 and TRF2. FANCD2 lymphocytes exhibited multiple types of telomeric abnormalities, including premature telomere shortening, increase in telomeric recombination and aberrant telomeric structures ranging from fragile to long-string extended telomeres. The baseline incidence of SCE in FANCD2 lymphocytes was reduced when compared to control, but in response to diepoxybutane (DEB) the 2-fold higher rate of SCE was observed. In contrast, control lymphocytes showed decreased SCE incidence in response to DEB treatment. FANCD2 fibroblasts revealed a high percentage of TIFs, decreased expression of TRF1 and invariable expression of TRF2. The percentage of TIFs inversely correlated with telomere length, emphasizing that telomere shortening is the major reason for the loss of telomere capping function. Upon irradiation, a significant decrease of TIFs was observed at all recovery times. Surprisingly, a considerable percentage of TIF positive cells disappeared at the same time when incidence of γ-H2AX foci was maximal. Both FANCD2 leucocytes and fibroblasts appeared to die spontaneously at higher rate than control. This trend was more evident upon irradiation; the percentage of leucocytes underwent apoptosis was 2.59- fold higher than that in control, while fibroblasts exhibited a 2- h delay before entering apoptosis. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that primary cells originating from FA-D2 patients display shorten telomeres, elevated incidence of T-SCEs and high frequency of TIFs. Disappearance of TIFs in early response to irradiation represent distinctive feature of FANCD2 cells that should be examined further.This article is made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia (Project No.173046)

Modelagem Matemática da Solubilização dos Polímeros Condutores por Meio de Processos Polimeranalógicos

The transition of conducting polymer from insoluble to the soluble state by chemical and electrochemical way, experimentally observed, gains its mathematical representation by means of the developed model, which was described and analyzed by means of linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. It was shown that the influence on the behavior of the system may come not only of strongly acid media and the presence of surfactants, but also of electrophilic substitution and self-doping. Also, the behavior of the system has been compared by the electrosynthesis of conducting polymers, non-accompanied by solubilization. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v8i2.62

O mecanismo do desempenho de poli-2-mercaptobenzimidazol na detecção eletroquímica de colesterol e as suas representações eletroquímica e matemática

O desempenho de poli-2-mercaptobenzimidazol na detecção eletroquímica de colesterol foi avaliado fenomenológica e matematicamente. O modelo matemático correspondente foi desenvolvido e analisado por meio de teoria de estabilidade lineal e análise de bifurcações. Os dados teóricos foram comparados com os experimentais e com os teóricos para os sistemas análogos.The electroanalytical function of poly-2-mercaptobenzimidazole in cholesterol electrochemical detection was evaluated phenomenologically and mathematically. The corresponding mathematical model was developed and analyzed by linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. The theoretical data were compared with the experimental data and with theoretical data for analogous systems

A detecção eletroquímica da lidocaína sobre o oxihidróxido de cobalto trivalente. Uma possibilidade teórica a ser avaliada

O comportamento eletroquímico da lidocaína durante a sua eletrooxidação sobre o oxihidróxido de cobalto trivalente em meio levemente básico, realizada para fins eletroanalíticos, foi avaliado do ponto de vista mecanístico matemático. Da análise foi feita uma conclusão acerca do desempenho do CoO(OH) como modificador de elétrodo na eletrooxidação da lidocaína in vivo e in vitro. Foi, outrossim, verificadaa possibilidade da realização das instabilidades oscilatória e monotônica no sistema.The electrochemical behavior of lidocaine during its electrooxidation over trivalent cobalt oxyhydroxide in lightly alkaline medium, realized for electroanalytical purposes, was evaluated from the mechanistic mathematical point of view. From analysis a conclusion has been made of the electroanalytical function of CoO(OH)as an electrode modifier for lidocaine electrooxidation in vivo and in vitro. Also, the possibility of oscillatory and monotonic instabilities has been verified in the system

THE POSSIBILITY OF NALBUPHIN CoO(OH)-ASSISTED ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION AND ITS MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION

The possibility of nalbuphin electrochemical determination over a CoO(OH)-modified electrode has been studied from the theoretical point of view. The correspondent mathematical model has been developed and analyzed by means of linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. It was shown that CoO(OH) may be applied as an efficient electrode modifier in the detection of nalbuphin in neutral and lightly alkaline media. The electrochemical response has to be clear and easy to interpret. The possibility of the oscillatory and monotonic instabilities has also been verified

Recent Advances in Polymeric Materials Used as Electron Mediators and Immobilizing Matrices in Developing Enzyme Electrodes

Different classes of polymeric materials such as nanomaterials, sol-gel materials, conducting polymers, functional polymers and biomaterials have been used in the design of sensors and biosensors. Various methods have been used, for example from direct adsorption, covalent bonding, crossing-linking with glutaraldehyde on composites to mixing the enzymes or use of functionalized beads for the design of sensors and biosensors using these polymeric materials in recent years. It is widely acknowledged that analytical sensing at electrodes modified with polymeric materials results in low detection limits, high sensitivities, lower applied potential, good stability, efficient electron transfer and easier immobilization of enzymes on electrodes such that sensing and biosensing of environmental pollutants is made easier. However, there are a number of challenges to be addressed in order to fulfill the applications of polymeric based polymers such as cost and shortening the long laboratory synthetic pathways involved in sensor preparation. Furthermore, the toxicological effects on flora and fauna of some of these polymeric materials have not been well studied. Given these disadvantages, efforts are now geared towards introducing low cost biomaterials that can serve as alternatives for the development of novel electrochemical sensors and biosensors. This review highlights recent contributions in the development of the electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on different polymeric material. The synergistic action of some of these polymeric materials and nanocomposites imposed when combined on electrode during sensing is discussed