Valine sensitivity in N. crassa

Valine sensitivity in N. crass

Reading Strategies Used by High School Japanese Language Learners

World Readiness Standards emphasize the importance of language learners\u27 proficiency in literacy as well as life skills in contemporary society and future. Implementing authentic materials into language instruction is encouraged due to its benefits. Yet adaption of authentic materials for reading is usually delayed until higher-level classes in Japanese instruction at secondary levels. This is often due to the Japanese writing system, which is a combination of hiragana, katakana, and kanji and configures meaning of a sentence. The present study investigated to what extent Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) high school learners use reading strategies when they read authentic materials. The study also explored the differences and/or similarities in reading strategies between JFL high school students who are exposed to the topic vs. students who are not. Strategies JFL high school learners use to process the information from kanji was also reflected upon. The study examined 4 Japanese language learners of two suburban high schools in Central California. The results of the study indicate that use of students\u27 background knowledge is crucial for reading comprehension of authentic material written in Japanese

Utah School Counselors: Present Status

This study presented data gathered from Utah school counselors about demographic information, counseling and guidance programs in Utah, certification requirements, future personnel needs, quality and appropriateness of training programs, philosophy of public schools, and needs and/or concerns. A questionnaire was used to collect data from ~50 school counselors employed in the State of Utah. Utah school counselors were found to be primarily Caucasians over the age of 36 years. The majority of counselors in Utah were employed in secondary schools. Caseloads for secondary school counselors ranged from 300 to 600 students per counselor, and caseloads for elementary school counselors ranged from 900 to in excess of 1200 students per counselor. The critical shortage of counselors has justified the employment of noncertified counselors in the elementary schools. On a scale from excellent to poor the majority of school counselors described their school counselor preparation programs as adequate to good. Counselors would like to see the adoption of a comprehensive school counseling and guidance program with the complete support of administrators and school district personnel. Secondary and elementary school counselors were concerned with the community\u27s perception of their duties as clerical and administrative. Young people and minorities should be encouraged to enter the school counseling field, filling the critical shortage need. School counselor preparation programs should be flexible enough to work with teachers and/or interested parties who currently work full time but would like to enter counselor training programs

Isolation and map location of a new acetate-requiring mutant, ace-9, of Neurospora crassa

A new acetate-requiring mutant strain of Neurospora crassa (ace-9), has been isolated from the double mutant strain cot-1;inl a, by inositol-less death (Lester and Gross 1959. Science 129:572) in Vogel\u27s medium supplemented with 0.3% sodium acetate and 2% sucrose. The mutant grows well on complex medium and on Vogel\u27s medium supplemented with casamino acids, acetate, or acetate plus ethanol. Like ace-2, ace-3 and ace-4 (Okumura and Kuwana 1979. Japan J. Genet. 54:235-244), it shows very weak activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase compelx, but has normal activities of pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Map location of ace-5.

Map location of ace-5

The ordering of obliques and adpositional elements

The order of verbs (V) and their object (O) has been of great interest among researchers.  However, few studies have examined the order of obliques (X) with respect to V and O.  Dryer (with Gensler) (2013) find the asymmetry between VO and OV languages in terms of the position of X: unlike VO languages, all three types of OV languages (XOV, OXV, and OVX) are widely attested.  Hawkins (2008) tries to explain this asymmetry by the interaction of three patterns, (i) Verb & Object Adjacency, (ii) Object & X on Same Side of Verb, and (iii) Object before X.  Although his analysis is successful in explaining the word order data in the world’s languages, there are still some problems.  In this paper, we argue that we can predict the possible word orders using only Hawkins’s (2004, 2008) Minimize Domains (MiD).  We also argue that compared to the prepositional counterparts, postpositions, postpositional clitics, and case suffixes are more likely to be connected to their noun (phrase) complement phonologically and morpho-syntactically.  In other words, the juncture between noun and adposition/clitic/affix in head-final languages is tighter than that in head-initial languages.  Assuming that adjuncts (X) consist of noun and adposition/clitic/affix, the domain of constituent recognition is different in the possible word orders of O, X and V.  We assume that postpositions/postpositional clitics/suffixes need only half of a word (^ = 0.5) for domain recognition because they are closely attached to the adjacent noun (phrase).  We conclude that any ordering of O, X and V is possible if the domain size is less than 4.  This analysis has advantages over Hawkins’s (2008) analysis because it is simpler and does not need to assume Hawkins’s principle of Argument Precedence

[書評] 押尾直志著 保険経済の根本問題 理論と実証

2017年7月