56 research outputs found

    Effects of Cooling During Exercise on Thermoregulatory Responses of Men With Paraplegia.

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    BACKGROUND: People with spinal cord injury (SCI) have an altered afferent input to the thermoregulatory center, resulting in a reduced efferent response (vasomotor control and sweating capacity) below the level of the lesion. Consequently, core body temperature rises more rapidly during exercise in individuals with SCI compared with people who are able-bodied. Cooling strategies may reduce the thermophysiological strain in SCI. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a cooling vest on the core body temperature response of people with a thoracic SCI during submaximal exercise. METHODS: Ten men (mean age=44 years, SD=11) with a thoracic lesion (T4-T5 or below) participated in this randomized crossover study. Participants performed two 45-minute exercise bouts at 50% maximal workload (ambient temperature 25°C), with participants randomized to a group wearing a cooling vest or a group wearing no vest (separate days). Core body temperature and skin temperature were continuously measured, and thermal sensation was assessed every 3 minutes. RESULTS: Exercise resulted in an increased core body temperature, skin temperature, and thermal sensation, whereas cooling did not affect core body temperature. The cooling vest effectively decreased skin temperature, increased the core-to-trunk skin temperature gradient, and tended to lower thermal sensation compared with the control condition. LIMITATIONS: The lack of differences in core body temperature among conditions may be a result of the relative moderate ambient temperature in which the exercise was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite effectively lowering skin temperature and increasing the core-to-trunk skin temperature gradient, there was no impact of the cooling vest on the exercise-induced increase in core body temperature in men with low thoracic SCI

    Cooling athletes with a spinal cord injury

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    Cooling strategies that help prevent a reduction in exercise capacity whilst exercising in the heat have received considerable research interest over the past 3 decades, especially in the lead up to a relatively hot Olympic and Paralympic Games. Progressing into the next Olympic/Paralympic cycle, the host, Rio de Janeiro, could again present an environmental challenge for competing athletes. Despite the interest and vast array of research into cooling strategies for the able-bodied athlete, less is known regarding the application of these cooling strategies in the thermoregulatory impaired spinal cord injured (SCI) athletic population. Individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) have a reduced afferent input to the thermoregulatory centre and a loss of both sweating capacity and vasomotor control below the level of the spinal cord lesion. The magnitude of this thermoregulatory impairment is proportional to the level of the lesion. For instance, individuals with high-level lesions (tetraplegia) are at a greater risk of heat illness than individuals with lower-level lesions (paraplegia) at a given exercise intensity. Therefore, cooling strategies may be highly beneficial in this population group, even in moderate ambient conditions (~21 °C). This review was undertaken to examine the scientific literature that addresses the application of cooling strategies in individuals with an SCI. Each method is discussed in regards to the practical issues associated with the method and the potential underlying mechanism. For instance, site-specific cooling would be more suitable for an athlete with an SCI than whole body water immersion, due to the practical difficulties of administering this method in this population group. From the studies reviewed, wearing an ice vest during intermittent sprint exercise has been shown to decrease thermal strain and improve performance. These garments have also been shown to be effective during exercise in the able-bodied. Drawing on additional findings from the able-bodied literature, the combination of methods used prior to and during exercise and/or during rest periods/half-time may increase the effectiveness of a strategy. However, due to the paucity of research involving athletes with an SCI, it is difficult to establish an optimal cooling strategy. Future studies are needed to ensure that research outcomes can be translated into meaningful performance enhancements by investigating cooling strategies under the constraints of actual competition. Cooling strategies that meet the demands of intermittent wheelchair sports need to be identified, with particular attention to the logistics of the sport

    Audionarratologi Inom Spel

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    I dagens samhÀlle blir underhÄllningen mer digital, det blir allt mer vanligt att lyssna pÄ en ljudbok istÀllet för att lÀsa sjÀlv. Eftersom spelindustrin Àr en av de populÀraste formerna av underhÄllning idag ville vi undersöka hur man kan anvÀnda sig av audionarrotologi inom spel. Audionarratologi Àr lÀran och studien om ljudets funktion inom ett narrativ. Termen Àr ett paraplybegrepp frÄn narratologi vilket Àr lÀran och studien om narrativ. Vi har anvÀnt oss audionarratologi för att se hur ljudet kan samverka med ett textbaserat solo-Àventyrsspel, eftersom ljudeffekter vanligtvis inte Àr ett fokus i spel av denna genre. Vi har utvecklat ett textbaserat spel utan en visuell bild med fokus pÄ text och ljud för att kunna utföra vÄr undersökning om ljudets roll i ett textbaserat spel. Vi har utfört en kvalitativ studie för att ta reda pÄ vad som Àr det mest optimala sÀttet att anvÀnda sig av ljud för att förstÀrka narrativet i ett spel. Programmet som anvÀndes för utvecklandet av spelet var Twine. I vÄrt spel fÄr spelare göra olika val för att kunna fortsÀtta berÀttelsen, undersökningen utfördes genom att respondenterna fick fylla i ett frÄgeformulÀr och svara pÄ vad de tyckte om ljudet i spelet och hur det pÄverkade narrativet. Med hjÀlp av svaren har vi sedan dragit slutsatsen att en bra ljudmix och jÀmna mellanrum mellan ljud och röster stÀrker narrativetIn today's society where entertainment is becoming more digital, and it is becoming more common to listen to an audiobook instead of reading one yourself. The game media is one of the most popular forms of entertainment in today's society, we want to see how to make use of audionarrotolgy in video games. Audionarratology is the doctrine and study of the function of sound within a story and a narrative, the term is an umbrella concept from narratology which is the doctrine and study of narration. We've used audionarrotolgy to see how the sound can cooperate with a text-based solo adventure story game, because sound effects are usually not a focus in games of this genre. We have developed a text-based game without visual imagery and with a focus on text and sound, in order to perform research on the role of sound in a text-based game. We conducted a qualitative study to find out what the most optimal way to use sound to reinforce the story in a game. The program that was used to develop the game was Twine. The survey was conducted by respondents filling out a questionnaire and answering what they liked about the sound of the game and how it affected the story. With the help of the answers we have then made our own conclusions for how the sound can interact with the story. We came to the conclusion that having a good sound mix and even intervals for sounds and voices, would make the sound reinforce the narrative

    Processing and characterization of sorghum protein concentrates using extrusion-enzyme liquefaction.

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    Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Grain Science and IndustrySajid AlaviSorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) is safe for consumption by individuals afflicted with celiac disease, and its proteins can be used as a supplement in gluten-free foods. However, utilization of sorghum in human foods is limited by the poor digestibility and lack of functionality of its proteins, which result from their entrapment in protein bodies, tight association with starch, and high degree of cross-linking induced by cooking. The first part of this study presents an extensive review of current methods for concentration and isolation of sorghum proteins, which are laboratory-scale techniques used for protein characterization and have no potential for commercial scale-up. Furthermore, these methods typically use non-food grade reagents and do not improve protein digestibility and functionality. In the second part, a novel extrusion-enzyme liquefaction (EEL) process was used to produce sorghum protein concentrates to overcome the aforementioned limitations. EEL involves extrusion pre-treatment of sorghum flour and starch liquefaction with a thermostable α-amylase, followed by enzyme inactivation, protein separation and drying. To demonstrate the concept, a laboratory-scale EEL process was used to produce concentrates with higher protein content (PC; 80% db) and digestibility (D; 74%) than those made by batch liquefaction. The optimum conditions for producing concentrates with both high PC and D were 32% wb in-barrel moisture content and 2.5% α-amylase added after extrusion. Using these conditions, EEL was scaled-up to a pilot-scale process to produce sorghum protein concentrates with 72-80% db PC and 62-74% D, while the batch liquefied control had only 70% db PC and 57% D. Dynamic oscillatory measurements of dough (55% moisture) and batter (65% moisture) containing sorghum protein concentrates (5 and 10%) and potato starch were performed to evaluate protein functionality. At lower moisture, pure potato starch and dough containing 10% sorghum protein concentrate had similar elastic and viscous moduli. At higher moisture, potato starch was more stable and exhibited significantly higher moduli than the batters with protein concentrates. Sorghum protein concentrates can improve the quality of some gluten-free foods. EEL shows promise for commercial production of sorghum protein concentrates because of its high throughput and potential for delivering high protein content and digestibility

    Automation of the Wild Berry Industry : Challenges and Consequences Associated with Berry-Picking Robots in Swedish Forests

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    Sverige Ă€r en av Europas ledande producenter av vilda bĂ€r, bland annat tack vare allemansrĂ€tten, som möjliggör kommersiell bĂ€rplockning i landets privatĂ€gda skogar. ÄndĂ„ förblir vilda bĂ€r en underutnyttjad resurs, trots sina hĂ€lsofördelar och minimala klimatpĂ„verkan. En begrĂ€nsande faktor för utnyttjandet av vilda bĂ€r i Sverige Ă€r bristen pĂ„ arbetskraft. För nĂ€rvarande Ă€r majoriteten av bĂ€rplockare thailĂ€ndska risbönder som reser till Sverige och arbetar under tveksamma förhĂ„llanden under skördesĂ€songen. Följaktligen undersöker denna studie potentialen för automatisering inom branschen. Detta sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga arbete syftar till att undersöka och analysera utmaningar och konsekvenser förknippade med automatisering av vildbĂ€rsindustrin i Sverige, ett omrĂ„de som hittills lĂ€mnats oberört av forskare. Genomförandet av studien involverar en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultaten presenterade i rapporten ger insikt och bidrar till vĂ„r förstĂ„else av hur vildbĂ€rsplockningens intressenter skulle pĂ„verkas av en teknisk omstĂ€llning. Analyserna utfördes med hjĂ€lp av ramverk som Technology Assessment. Arbetet kom fram till att (1) banbrytande teknologi som anvĂ€nds i nĂ€rliggande branscher har lagt en grund för automatisering av vildbĂ€rsindustrin men att det finns unika förutsĂ€ttningar som mĂ„ste uppfyllas vilket krĂ€ver en kombination av redan existerande tekniker, (2) en automatisering skulle innebĂ€ra ett skifte i arbetskraft som kan medföra positiva konsekvenser som att bidra till ett mer jĂ€mnstĂ€llt samhĂ€lle men Ă€ven negativa konsekvenser som att mĂ€nniskor blir av med jobben, (3) Vid en omstĂ€llning kommer naturen pĂ„verkas. Med en noggran övervakning av bĂ€ruttaget kan ekosystemen bevaras samtidigt som det bidrar till en positiv pĂ„verkan pĂ„ miljön, och (4) Det finns juridiska utmaningar som involverar allemansrĂ€tten, markĂ€gare och Ă€ganderĂ€tt som kan göra en omstĂ€llning problematisk och som kommer att innebĂ€ra ett nĂ€rmare samarbete mellan bĂ€rföretag och markĂ€gare

    Automation of the Wild Berry Industry : Challenges and Consequences Associated with Berry-Picking Robots in Swedish Forests

    No full text
    Sverige Ă€r en av Europas ledande producenter av vilda bĂ€r, bland annat tack vare allemansrĂ€tten, som möjliggör kommersiell bĂ€rplockning i landets privatĂ€gda skogar. ÄndĂ„ förblir vilda bĂ€r en underutnyttjad resurs, trots sina hĂ€lsofördelar och minimala klimatpĂ„verkan. En begrĂ€nsande faktor för utnyttjandet av vilda bĂ€r i Sverige Ă€r bristen pĂ„ arbetskraft. För nĂ€rvarande Ă€r majoriteten av bĂ€rplockare thailĂ€ndska risbönder som reser till Sverige och arbetar under tveksamma förhĂ„llanden under skördesĂ€songen. Följaktligen undersöker denna studie potentialen för automatisering inom branschen. Detta sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga arbete syftar till att undersöka och analysera utmaningar och konsekvenser förknippade med automatisering av vildbĂ€rsindustrin i Sverige, ett omrĂ„de som hittills lĂ€mnats oberört av forskare. Genomförandet av studien involverar en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultaten presenterade i rapporten ger insikt och bidrar till vĂ„r förstĂ„else av hur vildbĂ€rsplockningens intressenter skulle pĂ„verkas av en teknisk omstĂ€llning. Analyserna utfördes med hjĂ€lp av ramverk som Technology Assessment. Arbetet kom fram till att (1) banbrytande teknologi som anvĂ€nds i nĂ€rliggande branscher har lagt en grund för automatisering av vildbĂ€rsindustrin men att det finns unika förutsĂ€ttningar som mĂ„ste uppfyllas vilket krĂ€ver en kombination av redan existerande tekniker, (2) en automatisering skulle innebĂ€ra ett skifte i arbetskraft som kan medföra positiva konsekvenser som att bidra till ett mer jĂ€mnstĂ€llt samhĂ€lle men Ă€ven negativa konsekvenser som att mĂ€nniskor blir av med jobben, (3) Vid en omstĂ€llning kommer naturen pĂ„verkas. Med en noggran övervakning av bĂ€ruttaget kan ekosystemen bevaras samtidigt som det bidrar till en positiv pĂ„verkan pĂ„ miljön, och (4) Det finns juridiska utmaningar som involverar allemansrĂ€tten, markĂ€gare och Ă€ganderĂ€tt som kan göra en omstĂ€llning problematisk och som kommer att innebĂ€ra ett nĂ€rmare samarbete mellan bĂ€rföretag och markĂ€gare
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