5 research outputs found
The Role of Religion in Coping with the Trauma of Political Persecution: The Case of Estonia
Religiooni osa poliitilise repressiooni jÀrgse traumaga toimetulekul
Tonu Lehtsaar, Heino Noor, The role of religion in coping with psychotrauma of political repressions.The article deals with the religious aspect of coping with posttraumatic stress caused by political repressions. A theoretical overview of posttraumatic stress is given. Political repressions as a type of traumatic factor are analyzed. Coping strategies and the role of religion in handling difficult life events are described. Sixty-four (31 female, 33 male) politically repressed people in Estonia were asked about the role of religion in their coping with stress. The results showed that 46% of the respondents considered religion very important, 23% rather important, 26% not very important and 6% absolutely unimportant in regard to their ability to cope. The responses given to the question of how religion had influenced their ability to cope fell into categories related to the image of God, emotional life, interpersonal relationships and problem solving. It appeared that for the relatively religious section of respondents, religion itself served as essential support for coping
Mycobiota of Estonia
Seentel on looduses oluline osa - orgaanilise aine lagundajatena on nad asendamatud ökosĂŒsteemide
aineringes. Niiviisi osalevad seened ökosĂŒsteemide sekundaarses produktsioonis, luues ĂŒhtlasi maakera
loodusressursse. Inimese praktilises tegevuses on seentel tohutu tÀhtsus nii negatiivses kui ka positiivses
tÀhenduses. Piisab, kui mÔelda söödavatele, sealhulgas viljeldavatele seentele, mitmesuguseid keemilisi
aineid produtseerivatele liikidele, ravimseentele, mĂŒrkseentele, mĂŒkooside tekitajatele, fĂŒtopatogeensetele
seentele, hallitusseentele jpt. SeepĂ€rast vÀÀrivad seened igakĂŒlgset tundmaĂ”ppimist ning oma igapĂ€evases
tegevuses tuleb meil nendega tÔsiselt arvestada.
Eesti territoorium pakub seente leviku uurimise seisukohast laialdasemat huvi Euroopas tervikuna. TĂ€nu
Eesti looduslikele (botaanilistele, geograafilistele, geoloogilistele) iseÀrasustele on meie ala omapÀraseks
ristumiskohaks boreaalsete ja nemoraalsete, mÔningal mÀÀral ka pontiliste seeneliikide areaalidele. SeetÔttu
on Eesti seenestik koosseisult mitmekesine ja liigirohke.
Eesti seentest on kahe sajandi vÀltel kirjutatud hulgaliselt nii teaduslikke kui populaarteaduslikke töid.
Viimastel aastakĂŒmnetel on ilmunud rida raamatuid mitmesuguste seenerĂŒhmade kohta, sealhulgas ka
ĂŒlevaated meie parimate söögiseente perekondadest. KĂ”iki Eesti suurseeni kĂ€sitlev raamat âSeenedâ
(koostaja K. Kalamees) ilmus juba 1966. aastal. Eesti pisiseeni laiemale ĂŒldsusele tutvustavat kirjandust on
seevastu napilt, ometi on nÀiteks seente poolt pÔhjustatud taimehaiguste tundmine nii pÔllumajandus- kui
metsamajanduspraktikas vĂ€ga oluline. Eesti seente loend on meil kĂŒll ilmunud juba kahe raamatuna âEesti
seente koondnimestikâ (JĂ€rva & E. Parmasto, 1980; JĂ€rva, I. Parmasto & Vaasma, 1998), kuid need
mÔlemad kujutavad endast seeneliikide kommentaarideta nimestikku koos viidetega vastavale kirjandusele
(kuni aastani 1990).
KĂ€esolev raamat annab ĂŒlevaate umbes 4/5 Eestis kasvavatest seeneliikidest, pĂŒĂŒdes seejuures neid lĂŒhidalt
iseloomustada sĂŒstemaatiliselt, ökoloogiliselt, levikuliselt, bioloogiliselt ning kasu vĂ”i kahju seisukohast
inimesele. Lisaks sellele on raamatus iseloomustatud erinevaid seente kasvukohatĂŒĂŒpe Eestis, meie seente
geograafiat, ökoloogiat, seenekaitset ning seente osa inimese elus. Paraku ei ole probleemide kÀsitlus
raamatus siiski tĂ€ielik, kuna Eestis ei ole veel mitmeid seenerĂŒhmi nimetatud kĂŒsimustega seonduvalt lĂ€bi
uuritud. Nii on nĂ€iteks toitumisrĂŒhmade, kasvukohtade ja levilatĂŒĂŒpidega seotud ĂŒldistav analĂŒĂŒs meil seni
tehtud vaid lehikseente osas.
KĂ€esolev raamat on teaduslik teatmeteos Eesti seentest. See ei ole ei mÀÀraja ega mĂŒkoloogia Ă”pik ning
seetÔttu ei leia siin pÔhjalikku kÀsitlemist seente ehituse, bioloogia, paljunemise ja eluviisi probleemid. Neid
kĂŒsimusi vaadeldakse ĂŒksikute seenerĂŒhmade juures vaid sedavĂ”rd, kuivĂ”rd nad osutuvad vajalikuks Eestist
leitud seente iseloomustamisel. MĂŒkoloogiline oskussĂ”nastik hĂ”lbustab raamatu kasutamist. VĂ”imalikult
tÀpselt on raamatus seeneliikide kÔrval viidatud ka nende peremeesorganismidele koos ladinakeelsete
nimetustega. Eesti kodumaistele puu- ja pÔÔsaliikidele, levinumatele köögi- ja pÔlluviljadele, viljapuudele ja
marjapÔÔsastele ning samuti kodu- ja metsloomadele on tekstis viidatud ainult eestikeelsete nimedega,
vastavad ladinakeelsed nimed tuuakse eri nimestikuna raamatu lÔpus.
Raamatu töömahukast ning aegavÔtvast kirjutamisest, koostamisest ja toimetamisest on osa vÔtnud palju
kutselisi ja mitmeid harrastusmĂŒkolooge, samuti teistegi erialade esindajaid. Raamatu koostajana ja
peatoimetajana avaldan siirast tÀnu kÔigile autoritele ja kaastoimetajatele, ingliskeelsete tekstide tÔlkijale
M.Roosile ning keelelisele korrektorile M. Johansonile, CD versiooni tegijale ja kujundajale I. KĂŒbarsepale.
Raamatu failide esialgse töötlejana vÀÀrib kahtlemata tÀnu Oà Eesti Loodusfoto. Oma kÀsikirjaliste
materjalide kasutamise vÔimaldamise ning samuti kaastöö eest mitmete erinevate lÔikude sisulisel
tĂ€iendamisel ja parandamisel pĂ€lvivad lisaks neile tĂ€nu A. Jakobson, K. JĂŒrgens, A. Kalamees, L. Kalamees,
M. Laane, T. Randlane ja I. Saar. KĂ€sikirja teksti trĂŒkkimise ja vormistamise eest vÀÀrib siirast tĂ€nu M.
Vaasma. Eriline tĂ€nu kuulub posthuumselt raamatu illustraatorile kunstnik Georg Ć tĆĄukinile, kelle sule ja
pintsli alt on tulnud vÀrvitahvlid ning mustvalged joonised.An investigation into Estonian mycobiota, including taxonomy, ecology, distribution and data on its
resources, is presented in this book. A contemporary interpretation of the distribution of Estonian fungi
between the kingdoms of Eucaryota and their systematic arrangement based on the principles of Hawksworth
et al.(1995), as well as the morphology, anatomy, ecology, phenology, distribution, the profit or damage
from the human point of view are considered in detail at the level of different taxonomic units from phyla to
species. Trophic groups and sites, and the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of fungi in Estonia
are analysed. Edible mushrooms, their resources and cultivation in Estonia, the nutritive value and ways of
preservation, mycetism, mycotoxicoses and mycoses in man and domestic animals, poisonous fungi and
medical uses of fungi, plant diseases caused by fungi, and dyeing of textile fabrics with fungal pigments are
treated in separate chapters. Particular attention is devoted to the principles of fungus protection and the
species included in the Red Data Book of Estonia and to those under state protection.
The priority in the fungus investigations in Estonia belongs to Fischer and Hupel (1777). That is particularly
evident in the works of Fischer (1778, 1784, 1791), Grindel (1803), Friebe (1805), Weinmann (1836),
Dietrich (1856, 1859), Bucholtz (1904, 1916), Lepik (1930, 1940), Witkowsky (1934), Leisner (1937, 1938).
First more concrete data of scientific significance are found in Dietrichâs and Bucholtzâs works which
contain studies on the fungi of the Baltic Region of that time. From the period of 1925â1943 very important
are the mycological and phytopathological investigations of prof. E. Lepik. The research centres were
situated in Tartu. On E. Lepikâs initiative a number of amateur mycologists like N. Witkowsky, T. Leisner,
A. RĂŒhl and V. PĂ€rtelpoeg joined in the work. In Estonia, the investigation into the systematic, ecology,
distribution, pathology and coenology of fungi became more active in the 1950s, when studies were started
by E. Parmasto, V. Lasting, P. PÔldmaa, K. Kalamees. In the 1960s and later A. Raitviir, L. JÀrva, A.-L.
SÔmermaa, M. Hanso, H. Karis, J. Sarv, K. Kask, B. Kullman, I. Parmasto, M. Vaasma, T. Normet, H.
LÔiveke, P. Soobik joined in the research. The amateur mycologists H. Kelder, G. Shtshukin, V. Liiv and S.
Veldre also took up training for mycological investigations. At present the research centre of Estonian
mycology is the Institute of Zoology and Botany (department of mycology) by the Estonian Agricultural
University.
A new generation of mycologists, among them U. KÔljalg, K. PÔldmaa have appeared. The traditional
classical direction in Estonian mycological research is being replaced by a new one at the genetical and
molecular level.
Since 1777 almost 4000 species of fungi have been recorded in Estonia (cf. JĂ€rva, 1982; Parmasto, 1989).
They have been treated in nearly 2000 books and articles (cf. JĂ€rva & E. Parmasto, 1980; JĂ€rva, I. Parmasto
& Vaasma, 1998). Since 1950, 159 000 specimens of fungi have been collected for the fungus herbarium of
the Institute of Zoology and Botany. The Estonian Mycological Society (until June 2000 the mycology
section of the Estonian Naturalists' Society) has about 30 members.
The composition of Estonian mycobiota is diverse, rich in species and resources, since Estonia lies in the
temperate mixed forest zone of the northern hemisphere (Kalamees, 1995). In Estonia we find favourable
growth conditions for both boreal coniferous forest fungus species and nemoral deciduous forest species. As
the northern border of the distribution area of oak runs through South Finland, there are good growth
conditions for practically all the fungus species connected with oak in Estonia. This is the reason why our
mycobiota is considerably richer in comparison with that of the other northern countries.
The development and character of Estonian mycobiota have been, to a great extent, influenced by the
differences between the geological history of West ad East Estonia as well as the peculiarities of the soils,
flora and climate in these regions. The differences in the base rock of North and South Estonia are equally
important. West and North Estonia, including the islands of the Baltic Sea, considerably differ from South and East
Estonia from the mycogeographical point of view as concerns, at least, mycorrhizal Agaricales. As regards
the species composition of Agaricales, West and North Estonia are similar to Central and even to South
Europe. The most important factors from the point of view of fungi in West and North Estonia are the
abundance of broad-leaved tree species and calcareous soils on the Silurian and Ordovician limestone base
rock.
For these reasons Estonia seems to occupy an important position on the eastern and northern (north-eastern)
borders of many nemoral fungus species spread in West Europe. Sometimes, however, the eastern
(north-eastern) and northern borders of those species run in the close vicinity of the territory of Estonia, in
Russia and South Finland, respectively.
Owing to all the factors mentioned above the species composition of fungi in West and North Estonia is
richer and more varied than that in East and South Estonia (which is also the case with the flora of higher
plants). For instance, nearly 50 species of Estonian agarics grow only (or preferably) in West and North
Estonia and on the islands (Kalamees & Lasting, 1973c).
The mycobiota of Estonian forests is characterized by the domination of mycorrhizal fungi and litter
saprobes (Kalamees, 1980a,c, 1982). There are few humus saprobes among forest fungi, their role is more
important in forest type groups with a weak or missing litter horizon, such as alvar, dry boreo- nemoral, fresh
boreo-nemoral, floodplain and paludified forests. The existence of wood saprobes and parasites, as well as
leaf- and needle-debris saprobes is very characteristic of forest mycobiota. In the formation of the mycobiota
of forest type groups the carbonate content of soils and their moisture regimes are of paramount importance.
The mycobiota of Estonian meadows consists of humus saprobes, and lots of mycorrhizal fungi in parkland
meadows and litter saprobes in denser stand groups (Kalamees, 1979c, 1980a, 1982). In parkland meadows
quite frequent are also wood saprobes. The composition of the mycobiota of meadows is, to quite a great
extent, influenced by human activities, mainly by grazing cattle and mowing. Pastures are, for instance,
always rich in coprotrophs. The determining factor in the fungus composition of dry and fresh meadows is
the carbonate content of the soils. The poverty of mycobiota in paludified meadows mainly accounts for
excessive moisture.
The mycobiota of Estonian mires basically consists of hygrophilous humus and moss saprobes (Kalamees,
1982). As concerns forested mires a few mycorrhizal fungi are also found. The main factor determining the
character of mire mycobiota is the continuous excess moisture. The calcareousness of the soils does not exert
significant effect on the mycobiota of mires.
The mycobiota of Estonian boreal heath grasslands is very poor in species due to the extremely infavourable
growth conditions (Kalamees, 1980a). The raw-humus nature of the forest litter horizon and high acidity do
not create necessary conditions for the development of litter saprobes.
The mycobiota of coastal dunes is poor in species but very peculiar in its species composition:
psammophilous humus saprobes and xerophilous mycorrhizal fungi of willows and pines grow there. Sandy
inland plains, which represent secondarily outcropping unfixed sands, are dry and therefore offer favourable
growth conditions for only a few fungus species.
Vegetation of outcrops in Estonia as well as halophilous coastal areas, off-shore bars, nitrophilous areas at
the nesting places of birds, etc. are also very poor in fungus species (Kalamees, 1980a).
A number of water fungi grow in Estonia. They are found on plant remnants deposited on the bottom of
water-bodies, on stalks of live plants and on other organic substrate in water. They mainly belong to
Hyphomycetes (A. Kalamees, 1989). Macrofungi cannot grow in water, but favourable conditions for the
development of many Helotiales are created in reed-beds and other groups of water plants as a result of the
accumulation of decaying plant remnants after the flood has sunk. The mycobiota of ruderal and cultivated vegetation is highly varied and peculiar (Kalamees, 1981). The
basic factor determining its composition is the humus content in the soil. Mainly humus saprobes grow on
these sites, but coprotrophs are also often found. Lots of mycorrhizal fungi grow in parks.
Estonian mycobiota is rich in edible fungi being represented by almost 400 species. The general resources of
Estonian fungi reach to 36.5 thousand tons (Kalamees & Vaasma, 1980). Among forest types with stands
ready for felling the following types can be undoubtedly considered the most productive: Vaccinium
uliginosum pine type with 229 kg per hectare, Cladonia pine type with approximately 215 kg per hectare and
Calluna pine type with approximately 239 kg per hectare (Kalamees & Vaasma, 1980; Kalamees & Silver,
1988, 1993). According to the latest data it is the young Cladonia type (25 years old) that with 569 kg per
hectare exceeds manyfold the fungus yields of any other Estonian forest site. The most productive forests, as
concerns the fungus yield, lie in North, South-East and South-West Estonia, and on the island of Saaremaa.
As concerns fungus species, the following can be considered to be the most productive: Lactarius rufus with
495 kg per hectare, Suillus bovinus with 165 kg per hectare, Suillus variegatus with 129 kg per hectare and
Russula decolorans with 94 kg per hectare (Kalamees & Silver, 1988).
Among the 200 species of poisonous macrofungi have been recorded in Estonia, there are three deadly
poisonous ones: Amanita virosa, A. phalloides and Inocybe erubescens. Mycetism has been rare in Estonia.
Amanita virosa was the reason of four poisonings causing death during the period of 1935â1998 (see Lepik,
1935a; Witkovsky, 1935). Some quite serious poisonings were caused by Inocybe erubescens, Gyromitra
esculenta, Cortinarius sp. (subg. Phlegmacium, sect. Xanthophylli), Paxillus involutus and Phaeolepiota
aurea in recent years. Relatively many cases of mycotoxicoses in cattle recorded in Estonia during the last
half a century were caused by spoilt feed.
Dermatomycoses and candidiasis quite wide-spread mycoses are in people and domestic animals and
aspergillose and trichohytosis in domestic animals and poultry.
In Estonia there are about 150 species of macrofungi belonging to medical fungi, 3/4 of them for their
antibiotic qualities. In fact, only 2 species have been used for this purpose. Claviceps purpurea is the only
pharmacological fungus medicine used. In folk medicine Inonotus obliquus is used in the cure of cancer.
There are about half a thousand fungus species in Estonia which pigments could be used for dyeing textile
fabrics. However, as a matter of fact, they have never been used for this purpose.
The basic principle of the fungus protection in Estonia consists in the protection of fungus habitats
(Kalamees, 1988). As a result, we can protect successfully both the fungus resources and separate species
requiring protection. The Red Data Book of Estonia contains 91 fungus species, the list of fungi under
protection contains 30 species (Kalamees & Vaaasma, 1998).KĂ€sikirja valmimist rahastas Eesti Teadusfond ja Eesti Haridusministeerium
Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries
Background
Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks.
Methods
The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned.
Results
A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31).
Conclusion
Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)