The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

The Arctic

peer reviewe

Last interglacial peopling of Siberia: the Middle Palaeolithic site Ust'-Izhul', the upper Yenisei area

Multidisciplinary Quaternary investigations in the Minusinsk Basin in the upper Yenisei River region and other southern Siberian continental depressions have produced evidence of prehistoric peopling pre-dating the last glacial stage (>100 ka BP). Abundant 'pebble tools' and bone artefacts exposed from eroded alluvia of the Yenisei River terraces indicate repeated occupation of this territory since the Middle Pleistocene. A new stage of expansion of the early human occupation habitat occurred around the last interglacial (OIS 5e) by a Middle Palaeolithic (Neanderthaloid?) population characterized by a core and flake stone industry and open-air occupation sites. The key camp/kill-processing site at Ust'-Izhul', dated to c. 125 ka BP and documenting complex behavioural activities, is so far the most complete in situ pre-Late Palaeolithic site found in Siberia. This unique record provides new insights into the timing and the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the Pleistocene colonization of north-central Asia

SEASONAL AND LONG-TERM CHANGES OF VEGETATION INDEX OF ARABLE LANDS OF BRYANSK REGION (CENTRAL RUSSIA): REGULARITIES AND DYNAMICS FACTORS

There are a number of different factors that affect the sustainable development of agriculture. Efficient use of land and water resources, taking into account the threats that may arise due to climate change, as well as the dynamics of plant growth and development. Vegetation indices play an important role in monitoring vegetation variations. This article provides information on seasonal and long-term changes in the EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) of arable land in the Bryansk region. The purpose of the article is to discern the course of the seasonal dynamics of the index, the ranges of its variability, probable causes of differences between 2000-2018. In this article, physicochemical research methods were used to calculate the humus content, surface topography characteristics, and agricultural use features based on cartographic and stock materials, and the soil composition and density were determined through fieldwork. Summarized material on changes in EVI values for a snowless period as a whole and for individual filming intervals (18 per year) in 2000-2018 is presented. The mechanism of the influence of a variety of edaphic vegetation conditions on smoothing the differences in EVI over a series of years with different meteorological conditions has been described. The results of the analysis of the factors of the long-term dynamics are presented, the role of short-term climatic fluctuations, a progressive decrease in the amount of precipitation, and changes in the species composition of grain crops in the long-term dynamics of EVI are demonstrated. </jats:p

Optimization of transport routes based on environmental indicators

Air pollution monitoring in Rostov-on-Don and Rostov region is considered. The excess of the concentration of suspended solids over the national average is shown, especially near motorways and the busiest intersections. On the example of one intersection, field observations were carried out, and based on the developed computer programs, calculation of the main transport characteristics, the vehicle queue length at different phases of traffic light switching was carried out. The necessity of installing a "smart" (adaptive) traffic light is shown. The developed software products can be used to improve the organization of traffic flows and as a computer laboratory when teaching students in the specialty "Organization of transport processes"

Optimization of transport routes based on environmental indicators

Air pollution monitoring in Rostov-on-Don and Rostov region is considered. The excess of the concentration of suspended solids over the national average is shown, especially near motorways and the busiest intersections. On the example of one intersection, field observations were carried out, and based on the developed computer programs, calculation of the main transport characteristics, the vehicle queue length at different phases of traffic light switching was carried out. The necessity of installing a "smart" (adaptive) traffic light is shown. The developed software products can be used to improve the organization of traffic flows and as a computer laboratory when teaching students in the specialty "Organization of transport processes".</jats:p

Features of ultrasound diagnostic syndesmotic ankle injuries in middle and older children: prospective comparative study

BACKGROUND: Diagnostics and treatment of syndesmotic ankle injuries in children is one of the important problems in pediatrics. The generally accepted examination algorithms and standards developed for adult patients do not apply to children. The ligamentous apparatus in children is much more elastic, and the tibiofibular space is smaller, which significantly complicates the diagnostic search.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to create a diagnostic algorithm for examining middle and older children with ankle joint injuries.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: To create a diagnostic algorithm, whether the ultrasonographic stress test of external foot rotation in adult practice is relevant for patients with closed growth zones was investigated. Two open cohorts of middle and older children were formed. The first cohort included children aged 1114 years with a closed growth zone of the distal tibia, and the second cohort included children aged 1517 years with a closed growth zone. The inclusion criteria were the absence of injuries of the studied ankle joint and the correspondence of the body mass index to the age norm.&#x0D; RESULTS: The variability of the tibiofibular space during the stress test of external foot rotation in children with a closing growth zone averages 3.035 mm and in children with a closed growth zone was 2.319 mm. Data indicate a high degree of elasticity of the anterior tibialperoneal ligament in children in contrast to adults in whom this structure is more rigid. In children experiencing pain, active muscle resistance makes the test of internal rotation ineffective, and excessive elasticity of the structure in the area of a healthy joint does not give a correct comparative result for the operator.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The use of a test with internal rotation for diagnosing damage to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in children with closing and closed growth zones is limited, and the operator must rely on other ultrasound signs of damage to this structure.</jats:p