Characterization of phenolic composition of Vitis vinifera L. ‘Tempranillo’ and ‘Graciano’ subjected to deficit irrigation during berry development

The response of phenolic composition of skins from Vitis vinifera L. ‘Tempranillo’ and ‘Graciano’ grapes to water-deficit irrigation during berry growth and ripening was evaluated. The study was carried out using container-grown grapevines grown under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Two irrigation treatments were imposed: control (well-watered) and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI). Twenty-eight phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols and monomeric flavan-3-ols (catechins) as well as phenolic acids derivatives have been identified in the extracts prepared from the berry skins at physiological maturity. For both varieties, water deficit reduced leaf area and leaf area to crop mass ratio, and decreased berry size. However, there were no changes in juice total soluble solids, pH or total polyphenolic content. Water deficit resulted in decreased must titratable acidity in ‘Graciano’ berries. In ‘Tempranillo’, water limitation reduced total anthocyanins and flavonols, and increased hydroxycinnamic acids. In ‘Graciano’, water deficit resulted in increased flavonols and reduced catechins. Altogether, we concluded that under water-deficit irrigation, ‘Graciano’ grapes presented a differential composition of phenolic compounds that could result in improved fruit quality

Characterization of phenolic composition of Vitis vinifera L. 'Tempranillo' and 'Graciano' subjected to deficit irrigation during berry development

The response of phenolic composition of skins from Vitis vinifera L. 'Tempranillo' and 'Graciano' grapes to water-deficit irrigation during berry growth and ripening was evaluated. The study was carried out using container-grown grapevines grown under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Two irrigation treatments were imposed: control (well-watered) and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI). Twenty-eight phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols and monomeric flavan-3-ols (catechins) as well as phenolic acids derivatives have been identified in the extracts prepared from the berry skins at physiological maturity. For both varieties, water deficit reduced leaf area and leaf area to crop mass ratio, and decreased berry size. However, there were no changes in juice total soluble solids, pH or total polyphenolic content. Water deficit resulted in decreased must titratable acidity in 'Graciano' berries. In 'Tempranillo', water limitation reduced total anthocyanins and flavonols, and increased hydroxycinnamic acids. In 'Graciano', water deficit resulted in increased flavonols and reduced catechins. Altogether, we concluded that under water-deficit irrigation, 'Graciano' grapes presented a differential composition of phenolic compounds that could result in improved fruit quality.This project was supported by Fundación Universitaria de Navarra (2011) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN BFU2011-26989) of Spain. M. NICULCEA was the recipient of a grant from Asociación de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra.Peer Reviewe

The mammalian peptide adrenomedullin acts as a growth factor in tobacco plants

Growth factors are extracellular signals that regulate cell proliferation and total body mass. Some animal growth factors can work on plant tissues and vice versa. Here we show that the mammalian growth factor adrenomedullin (AM) induces growth in tobacco plants. Addition of synthetic AM resulted in a dose-dependent growth of tobacco calluses. Furthermore, AM transgenic plants showed enhanced survival and significant increases in stem diameter, plant height, leaf length, weight of all organs, and a reduction in the time to flowering when compared to plants transformed with the control vector. These differences were maintained when organs were dried, resulting in a mean total biomass increase of 21.3%. The levels of soluble sugars and proteins in the leaves were unchanged between genotypes. AM transgenic plants had a significantly higher expression of cyclin D3 and the transcription factor E2FB than controls, suggesting that cell cycle regulation may be part of the intracellular signaling of AM in plants. In summary, mammalian AM increases vascular plants' survival and biomass with no apparent detriment of plant's morphological and/or biochemical properties, thus this strategy could be useful for crop productivity improvement

Antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals: results from the second point prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use, 2016 to 2017

Antimicrobial agents used to treat infections are life-saving. Overuse may result in more frequent adverse effects and emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. In 2016-17, we performed the second point-prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals. We included 1,209 hospitals and 310,755 patients in 28 of 31 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries. The weighted prevalence of antimicrobial use in the EU/EEA was 30.5% (95% CI: 29.2-31.9%). The most common indication for prescribing antimicrobials was treatment of a community-acquired infection, followed by treatment of HAI and surgical prophylaxis. Over half (54.2%) of antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis were prescribed for more than 1 day. The most common infections treated by antimicrobials were respiratory tract infections and the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents were penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors. There was wide variation of patients on antimicrobials, in the selection of antimicrobial agents and in antimicrobial stewardship resources and activities across the participating countries. The results of the PPS provide detailed information on antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals, enable comparisons between countries and hospitals, and highlight key areas for national and European action that will support efforts towards prudent use of antimicrobials

Media społecznościowe w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach

The paper concerns the issue of using social media in small and medium sized enterprises. Many authors argue that there is a unique relationship between the social media and SMEs in the economic sphere. The social media uniquely impact the market in the marketing platform to increase sales, reduce costs and increase profitability. Also, social media enable the direct communication with clients and its adoption by firms has generally increased over time. However, little is known about how small firms use these digital technologies. Furthermore, there are not many publications about the methods of implementation of social media in small companies. Therefore, the study carried out in this research has developed a conceptual framework of implementing Social Media in small businesses. Moreover, readers can find information on the benefits of using these tools and some recommendations for effective implementation to improve business.Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia wykorzystania mediów społecznościowych w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach. Wielu autorów twierdzi, że istnieje ścisły związek między mediami społecznościowymi a MŚP w sferze gospodarczej. Media społecznościowe mają wyjątkowy wpływ na rynek w platformie marketingowej- zwiększają sprzedaż, obniżają koszty i polepszają rentowność. Ponadto media społecznościowe umożliwiają bezpośrednią komunikację z klientami. Jednak niewiele wiadomo o tym, jak małe firmy korzystają z tych technologii cyfrowych. Ponadto nie ma wielu publikacji na temat metod wdrażania mediów społecznościowych w małych firmach. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w ramach tego opracowania zaproponowano sposoby wdrażania mediów społecznościowych w małych firmach. Co więcej, czytelnicy mogą znaleźć informacje na temat korzyści płynących z używania tych narzędzi oraz zalecenia dotyczące skutecznej implementacji w celu usprawnienia działalności biznesu

Relación entre el contenido hormonal y la calidad fenólica de la uva (cvs. Tempranillo y Graciano) en condiciones de riego deficitario

La producción de metabolitos secundarios en vid puede mejorar en situaciones de factores de estrés abiótico como la sequía edáfica, pero la sensibilidad de las plantas a estas condiciones varía en función del momento de imposición de la limitación hídrica. En estudios anteriores hemos observado una estrecha relación entre el régimen hídrico de la cepa, los niveles hormonales de la baya y la maduración de la uva (Antolín y col. 2006, 2008). Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de este trabajo ha sido investigar si las alteraciones en la composición y calidad de diferentes variedades de vid sometidas a riego deficitario, implantado en diversos momentos del desarrollo y maduración de la uva, pueden explicarse a través de los cambios que el estrés produce en el balance hormonal de la baya. En el trabajo se han planteado los siguientes objetivos parciales: 1. Comparar los efectos del riego deficitario sobre la composición fenólica de las bayas a lo largo del desarrollo y maduración en dos variedades de uva tinta, Tempranillo y Graciano. 2. Investigar la influencia de las hormonas vegetales sobre el crecimiento y maduración de la baya en condiciones de riego deficitario y caracterizar la evolución de los compuestos nitrogenados en la variedad Tempranillo. 3. Relacionar los cambios en el balance hormonal y la composición de la baya con la respuesta a déficits hídricos impuestos en diferentes momentos del desarrollo de la uva valorando así la sensibilidad fenológica de ambas variedades a la escasez de agua en el suelo

Relación entre el contenido hormonal y la calidad fenólica de la uva (cvs. Tempranillo y Graciano) en condiciones de riego deficitario

La producción de metabolitos secundarios en vid puede mejorar en situaciones de factores de estrés abiótico como la sequía edáfica, pero la sensibilidad de las plantas a estas condiciones varía en función del momento de imposición de la limitación hídrica. En estudios anteriores hemos observado una estrecha relación entre el régimen hídrico de la cepa, los niveles hormonales de la baya y la maduración de la uva (Antolín y col. 2006, 2008). Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de este trabajo ha sido investigar si las alteraciones en la composición y calidad de diferentes variedades de vid sometidas a riego deficitario, implantado en diversos momentos del desarrollo y maduración de la uva, pueden explicarse a través de los cambios que el estrés produce en el balance hormonal de la baya. En el trabajo se han planteado los siguientes objetivos parciales: 1. Comparar los efectos del riego deficitario sobre la composición fenólica de las bayas a lo largo del desarrollo y maduración en dos variedades de uva tinta, Tempranillo y Graciano. 2. Investigar la influencia de las hormonas vegetales sobre el crecimiento y maduración de la baya en condiciones de riego deficitario y caracterizar la evolución de los compuestos nitrogenados en la variedad Tempranillo. 3. Relacionar los cambios en el balance hormonal y la composición de la baya con la respuesta a déficits hídricos impuestos en diferentes momentos del desarrollo de la uva valorando así la sensibilidad fenológica de ambas variedades a la escasez de agua en el suelo

Evolution of amino acids and amines during berry ripening in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo subjected to water deficit irrigation

Water deficit irrigation to grapevines reduces yield and berry growth altering its ripeningprocess, all of which may influence fruit composition and wine quality. Therefore, the goal ofthis work was analyze variations in fruit composition and specifically, in N-compounds underwater deprivation. The study was carried out using container-grown Tempranillo grapevinesgrown under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Two irrigation treatments were imposed:a control (well watered), and a sustained deficit irrigation (SDI). Water deficit reduced yield,berry size and concentrations of main phenolic compounds. At harvest, the content of aminoacids and free ammonium was low in both treatments but SDI-treated berries showed asignificant accumulation of amines

Involvement of berry hormonal content in the response to pre- and post-veraison water deficit in different grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars

Background and Aims The application of deficit irrigation to grapevines modifies the hormonal status of berries, but little information about the influence of berry hormones on phenological sensitivity to water deficit is available. Therefore, the aim of this research was to assess the involvement of berry hormonal status in fruit composition in response to regulated deficit irrigation applied during different phenological stages in two grapevine cultivars. Methods and Results The study was carried out on fruiting cuttings of two cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., Tempranillo and Graciano. Treatments were: (i) early water deficit from fruitset to onset of veraison (early deficit); (ii) late water deficit from onset of veraison to harvest (late deficit); and (iii) plants regularly irrigated (Control). Both early water deficit and late water-deficit strategies modified evolution of indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, which was related to changes in berry size, increases in phenolic substances and accumulation of amines. Conclusions Differential sensitivity of Tempranillo and Graciano grapevines to seasonal water stress was mediated, at least in part, by alterations in hormonal status of berries at the time of water stress imposition. Significance of Study This study relates interspecific differences in the sensitivity of seasonal water-deficit irrigation to changes in the endogenous hormonal status of berries

Involvement of berry hormonal content in the response to pre- and post-veraison water deficit in different grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars

Background and Aims The application of deficit irrigation to grapevines modifies the hormonal status of berries, but little information about the influence of berry hormones on phenological sensitivity to water deficit is available. Therefore, the aim of this research was to assess the involvement of berry hormonal status in fruit composition in response to regulated deficit irrigation applied during different phenological stages in two grapevine cultivars. Methods and Results The study was carried out on fruiting cuttings of two cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., Tempranillo and Graciano. Treatments were: (i) early water deficit from fruitset to onset of veraison (early deficit); (ii) late water deficit from onset of veraison to harvest (late deficit); and (iii) plants regularly irrigated (Control). Both early water deficit and late water-deficit strategies modified evolution of indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, which was related to changes in berry size, increases in phenolic substances and accumulation of amines. Conclusions Differential sensitivity of Tempranillo and Graciano grapevines to seasonal water stress was mediated, at least in part, by alterations in hormonal status of berries at the time of water stress imposition. Significance of Study This study relates interspecific differences in the sensitivity of seasonal water-deficit irrigation to changes in the endogenous hormonal status of berries