Monuments ou documents ? Les comptabilités, sources pour l’histoire du contrôle social (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècles)

Qu’elles soient médiévales ou modernes, les comptabilités font actuellement l’objet d’un renouveau historiographique sous plusieurs angles : celui de la source elle-même, dans le cadre d’approches d’une culture de l’écrit ou d’une approche de la matérialité de la source (codicologie, vocabulaire, etc.) - Monuments -, celui des institutions productrices de ces sources, ou encore celui de l’exploitation des données - Documents -. Mais d’autres perspectives sont également possibles, notamment po..

Smoking cessation and prevention: an urgent public health priority

Le nombre de décès attribuables au tabac a été d’environ 100 millions de personnes au cours du 20e siècle. Actuellement, 1,3 milliard de personnes fument dans le monde. Les personnes qui commencent à fumer pendant l’adolescence et qui stoppent leur consommation avant l’âge de 40 ans évitent 90 % de la surmortalité attribuable au tabac. L’entretien motivationnel, le traitement substitutif nicotinique et la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale sont les éléments clés du sevrage tabagique. Les cigarettes électroniques avec ou sans nicotine ne sont pas plus efficaces que le timbre nicotinique et la toxicité à long terme n’est pas connue. Le prix est un facteur majeur de régulation de la consommation tabagique. Seule une augmentation importante du prix du tabac pourrait permettre d’atteindre une baisse importante de la consommation de tabac. Dans l’Union Européenne, toute publicité sur le tabac est interdite, mais l’industrie du tabac peut continuer à dépenser 8,6 milliards de dollars chaque année aux Etats-Unis dans la publicité. Une réelle volonté politique est indispensable pour lutter contre ce fléau qui sévit dans le monde.There were about 100 million deaths from tobacco in the 20th century. About 1.3 billion people worldwide now smoke. Persons who began smoking in early adulthood but stopped before 40 years of age avoid more than 90% of the excess risk during their next few decades of life. Motivational interviewing, nicotine replacement therapy and behavioural support are the backbone therapy for smoking cessation. Electronic cigarettes, with or without nicotine, are not more effective than nicotine patches and their long-term safety profile has yet to be determined. Large increases in specific excise taxes on tobacco are particularly important, because they can have a substantial and rapid effect on consumption. Though tobacco advertising is banned throughout the European Union, cigarettes are still among the most heavily advertised and promoted products in the world, with spending on tobacco marketing reaching $8.6 billion annually in the United States alone. A worldwide effort against smoking is eagerly needed

EEG Data Quality: Determinants and Impact in a Multicenter Study of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Electroencephalography (EEG) represents a widely established method for assessing altered and typically developing brain function. However, systematic studies on EEG data quality, its correlates, and consequences are scarce. To address this research gap, the current study focused on the percentage of artifact-free segments after standard EEG pre-processing as a data quality index. We analyzed participant-related and methodological influences, and validity by replicating landmark EEG effects. Further, effects of data quality on spectral power analyses beyond participant-related characteristics were explored. EEG data from a multicenter ADHD-cohort (age range 6 to 45 years), and a non-ADHD school-age control group were analyzed (ntotal = 305). Resting-state data during eyes open, and eyes closed conditions, and task-related data during a cued Continuous Performance Task (CPT) were collected. After pre-processing, general linear models, and stepwise regression models were fitted to the data. We found that EEG data quality was strongly related to demographic characteristics, but not to methodological factors. We were able to replicate maturational, task, and ADHD effects reported in the EEG literature, establishing a link with EEG-landmark effects. Furthermore, we showed that poor data quality significantly increases spectral power beyond effects of maturation and symptom severity. Taken together, the current results indicate that with a careful design and systematic quality control, informative large-scale multicenter trials characterizing neurophysiological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders across the lifespan are feasible. Nevertheless, results are restricted to the limitations reported. Future work will clarify predictive value

TABADO: "Evaluation of a smoking cessation program among Adolescents in Vocational Training Centers": Study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Most of the efforts to reduce teenagers' tobacco addiction have focused on smoking prevention and little on smoking cessation. A smoking cessation program (TABADO study), associating pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioural strategy, on a particularly vulnerable population (vocational trainees), was developed. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the program which was offered to all smokers in a population aged 15 to 20 years in Vocational Training Centers (VTC). This paper presents the TABADO study protocol.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study is quasi-experimental, prospective, evaluative and comparative and takes place during the 2 years of vocational training. The final population will be composed of 2000 trainees entering a VTC in Lorraine, France, during the 2008-2009 period. The intervention group (1000 trainees) benefited from the TABADO program while no specific intervention took place in the "control" group (1000 trainees) other than the treatment and education services usually available. Our primary outcome will be the tobacco abstinence rate at 12 months.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>If the program proves effective, it will be a new tool in the action against smoking in populations that have been seldom targeted until now. In addition, the approach could be expanded to other young subjects from socially disadvantaged backgrounds in the context of a public health policy against smoking among adolescents.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Clinical trial identification number is NTC00973570.</p

Alzheimers Dement

Introduction: The Age-Well clinical trial is an ongoing monocentric, randomized, controlled trial aiming to assess an 18-month preventive meditation-based intervention directly targeting the attentional and emotional dimensions of aging to promote mental health and well-being in elderly people. Methods: One hundred thirty-seven cognitively unimpaired older adults are randomized to either an 18-month meditation-based intervention, a structurally matched foreign language training, or a passive control arm. The impact of the intervention and underlying mechanisms are assessed with detailed cognitive, behavioral, biological, neuroimaging and sleep examinations. Results: Recruitment began in late 2016 and ended in May 2018. The interventions are ongoing and will be completed by early 2020. Discussion: This is the first trial addressing the emotional and cognitive dimension of aging with a long-term nonpharmacological approach and using comprehensive assessments to investigate the mechanisms. Results are expected to foster the development of preventive strategies reducing the negative impact of mental conditions and disorders

Transcriptional Profiling of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites from Patients with Severe Malaria Identifies Distinct Low vs. High Parasitemic Clusters

Background: In the past decade, estimates of malaria infections have dropped from 500 million to 225 million per year; likewise, mortality rates have dropped from 3 million to 791,000 per year. However, approximately 90% of these deaths continue to occur in sub-Saharan Africa, and 85% involve children less than 5 years of age. Malaria mortality in children generally results from one or more of the following clinical syndromes: severe anemia, acidosis, and cerebral malaria. Although much is known about the clinical and pathological manifestations of CM, insights into the biology of the malaria parasite, specifically transcription during this manifestation of severe infection, are lacking. Methods and Findings: We collected peripheral blood from children meeting the clinical case definition of cerebral malaria from a cohort in Malawi, examined the patients for the presence or absence of malaria retinopathy, and performed whole genome transcriptional profiling for Plasmodium falciparum using a custom designed Affymetrix array. We identified two distinct physiological states that showed highly significant association with the level of parasitemia. We compared both groups of Malawi expression profiles with our previously acquired ex vivo expression profiles of parasites derived from infected patients with mild disease; a large collection of in vitro Plasmodium falciparum life cycle gene expression profiles; and an extensively annotated compendium of expression data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The high parasitemia patient group demonstrated a unique biology with elevated expression of Hrd1, a member of endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation system. Conclusions: The presence of a unique high parasitemia state may be indicative of the parasite biology of the clinically recognized hyperparasitemic severe disease syndrome

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Formation of Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] nanoclusters in nanostructured ferritic alloys during isothermal and anisothermal heat treatment: A kinetic Monte Carlo study

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, based on parameters obtained with density-functional theory in the local-density approximation and experimental data, are used to study bulk precipitation of Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] in α iron. The simulation involves realistic diffusion mechanisms, with a rapid diffusion of O atoms by interstitial jumps and a slower diffusion of Fe and Y atoms by vacancy jumps, and a point defect source which drives the vacancy concentration toward its equilibrium value, during isothermal and anisothermal heat treatments. Depending on alloy and thermal history conditions, the Monte Carlo simulations predict different kinetic behavior, including transient precipitation of metastable iron oxides followed by precipitation of Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] nanoclusters.United States Department of Energy, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (Grant No. DE-FG02-04GR54750)National Science Foundation (Contract No. NSF DMR 0548259