Doped colloidal InAs nanocrystals in the single ionized dopant limit

We investigate the electronic properties of individual n-type (Cu) doped and p-type (Ag) doped InAs colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) in the 2–8 nm size range from their charge transfers toward a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate, using ultrahigh vacuum Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) with elementary charge sensitivity at 300 K. The NC active dopant concentration is measured as ND = 8 × 1020 cm–3 and NA > 5 × 1020 cm–3 for n- and p-type doping, respectively. The electrostatic equilibrium between the NC and the HOPG reference substrate is investigated and reveals an enhancement of the Fermi-level mismatch between the NCs and the HOPG substrate at reduced NC sizes, both for n- and p-type doping. It also shows, for n-type doped NCs with smallest sizes (∼2 nm), the existence of a full depletion regime, in which smallest NCs contain single ionized dopants. Results are compared with self-consistent tight-binding calculations of the electronic structure of InAs NCs, including hydrogenoid impurities and the presence of a host substrate, in the case of n-type doped NCs. The observed enhancement of the NC–HOPG Fermi-level mismatch can be understood by considering a size-dependent electrostatic contribution attributed to dipolar effects at the NC–ligand interface. The estimated surface dipole density equals a few Debye/nm2 and is increased at smallest NC sizes, which follows the enhancement of ligand densities at small NC sizes previously reported for metallic or semiconducting NCs. The results put forward the role played by the NC–ligand interface electrostatics for electronic applications

The clinical relevance of oliguria in the critically ill patient : Analysis of a large observational database

Funding Information: Marc Leone reports receiving consulting fees from Amomed and Aguettant; lecture fees from MSD, Pfizer, Octapharma, 3 M, Aspen, Orion; travel support from LFB; and grant support from PHRC IR and his institution. JLV is the Editor-in-Chief of Critical Care. The other authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Urine output is widely used as one of the criteria for the diagnosis and staging of acute renal failure, but few studies have specifically assessed the role of oliguria as a marker of acute renal failure or outcomes in general intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Using a large multinational database, we therefore evaluated the occurrence of oliguria (defined as a urine output 16 years) patients in the ICON audit who had a urine output measurement on the day of admission were included. To investigate the association between oliguria and mortality, we used a multilevel analysis. Results: Of the 8292 patients included, 2050 (24.7%) were oliguric during the first 24 h of admission. Patients with oliguria on admission who had at least one additional 24-h urine output recorded during their ICU stay (n = 1349) were divided into three groups: transient - oliguria resolved within 48 h after the admission day (n = 390 [28.9%]), prolonged - oliguria resolved > 48 h after the admission day (n = 141 [10.5%]), and permanent - oliguria persisting for the whole ICU stay or again present at the end of the ICU stay (n = 818 [60.6%]). ICU and hospital mortality rates were higher in patients with oliguria than in those without, except for patients with transient oliguria who had significantly lower mortality rates than non-oliguric patients. In multilevel analysis, the need for RRT was associated with a significantly higher risk of death (OR = 1.51 [95% CI 1.19-1.91], p = 0.001), but the presence of oliguria on admission was not (OR = 1.14 [95% CI 0.97-1.34], p = 0.103). Conclusions: Oliguria is common in ICU patients and may have a relatively benign nature if only transient. The duration of oliguria and need for RRT are associated with worse outcome.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Personal life satisfaction as a measure of societal happiness is an individualistic presumption: Evidence from fifty countries

Numerous studies document that societal happiness is correlated with individualism, but the nature of this phenomenon remains understudied. In the current paper, we address this gap and test the reasoning that individualism correlates with societal happiness because the most common measure of societal happiness (i.e., country-level aggregates of personal life satisfaction) is individualism-themed. With the data collected from 13,009 participants across fifty countries, we compare associations of four types of happiness (out of which three are more collectivism-themed than personal life satisfaction) with two different measures of individualism. We replicated previous findings by demonstrating that societal happiness measured as country-level aggregate of personal life satisfaction is correlated with individualism. Importantly though, we also found that the country-level aggregates of the collectivism-themed measures of happiness do not tend to be significantly correlated with individualism. Implications for happiness studies and for policy makers are signaled

Happiness Maximization Is a WEIRD Way of Living

Psychological science tends to treat subjective wellbeing and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective wellbeing is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: what is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic) societies, but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why “happiness maximization” might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat, i.e., compared to other regions, they faced relatively light existential pressures. We review the influence of the Gulfstream on the North-Western European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealise attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for “happiness maximization”, we also studied its several potential side-effects: alcohol and drug consumption and abuse, and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we re-analyse data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction—the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology—involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as a WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level

High resolution nc-AFM and KPFM imaging of molecular assemblies at low temperature

Le progrès important de la microscopie à force atomique sans contact (nc-AFM) au cours de la dernière décennie a permis d'étudier les propriétés structurelles et électroniques des molécules à l'échelle sub-moléculaire. Le processus de fonctionnalisation de la pointe, qui consiste à attacher des atomes ou des molécules uniques à l'apex de la pointe, a démontré une résolution exaltée des images STM et AFM, de sorte que les structures chimiques de nombreuses molécules différentes déposées sur des surfaces métalliques ont été résolues. Cependant, peu d'études ont été présentées jusqu'à présent sur des surfaces de semiconducteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la formation d'auto-assemblages moléculaires sur la surface passivée du silicium Si(111)-(√3x√3)R30°-B dopée au bore par STM/nc-AFM combiné avec Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). Les expériences ont été réalisées sur un microscope AFM/STM Joule-Thomson (SPECS), travaillant sous ultra-vide à une température de 4 K, en utilisant un capteur de force à haute rigidité (Kolibri, k=540 kN/m, f0=1 MHz). Les molécules étudiées sont : 1-(4'cyanophényl)-2,5-bis(décyloxy)-2,5-bis(décyloxy)-4-(4'-iodophényl)benzène (CDB-I), qui possèdent deux chaînes aliphatiques fixées à un noyau triphényle avec deux terminaisons différentes (soit iode, soit cyano) et la molécule nonpolaire 1,4 bis(4'cyanophényle)-2,5bis(décyloxy)benzène (CDB), avec deux terminaisons cyano identiques. Le premier objectif principal de ce travail était de vérifier la sensibilité de la sonde Kolibri dans la détection de charge. Les mesures KPFM portent sur les défauts du substrat dopé au bore, montrant les différents états de charge pour la liaison pendante (DB), la lacune de silicium et le dopant de bore enterré. L'état de charge positif est trouvé pour la DB, conformément aux études antérieures de la STM. Le potentiel de surface du défaut constitue la valeur de référence d'une seule charge sur la surface. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d'obtenir une résolution sub-moléculaire en topographie et en imagerie KPFM sur les molécules, sans fonctionnalisation intentionnelle de la pointe. Un contraste sub-moléculaire est observé dans les images de décalage de fréquence de molécules individuelles, permettant l’identification du noyau triphényle et des détails des chaînes aliphatiques. De plus, la haute résolution est également obtenue dans les images de potentiel de surface des mesures KPFM. Selon le type d'adsorption de la molécule en surface, on distingue deux contrastes KPFM différents. Enfin, la comparaison de l'organisation dans les assemblages est faite pour les molécules CDB et CDB-I. Malgré l'organisation similaire des deux molécules dans les images nc-AFM, une différence de potentiel de surface est observée pour les deux terminaisons de la molécule CDB-I, indiquant l'organisation dipolaire le long des rangées de molécules des auto-assemblages.The progress of non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy (nc-AFM) in the last decade enabled studying the structural and electronic properties of molecules at the submolecular scale. The process of tip functionalization relying in attaching single atoms or molecules to the tip apex demonstrated an enhanced resolution in both STM and AFM images, such that the chemical structures of many different molecules deposited on metallic surfaces have been resolved. However, few studies have been presented on a semiconductor surface so far. In this work, we study the formation of molecular self-assemblies on the passivated surface of boron doped silicon Si(111)-(√3x√3)R30°-B by combined STM/nc-AFM with Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). The experiments have been performed on the Joule-Thomson Scanning Probe Microscope (SPECS), working in ultra high vacuum at temperature of 4 K, using a high stiffness sensor (Kolibri, k=540 kN/m, f0=1 MHz). The investigated molecules are: 1-(4’cyanophenyl)-2,5-bis(decyloxy)-4-(4’-iodophenyl)benzene (CDB-I), which possess two aliphatic chains attached to a triphenyl core ended with two different terminations (either iodine or cyano group) and non-polar 1,4 bis(4'cyanophenyl)-2,5bis(decyloxy)benzene (CDB) molecule, with two identical cyano group terminations. The first main objective of this work was to verify the sensitivity of the Kolibri sensor in the charge detection. KPFM measurements of boron doped silicon defects are presented, showing different charge states for dangling bond (DB), silicon vacancy and buried boron dopant defects. A positive charge state is found for the DB, in accordance with previous STM studies. The surface potential of this defect constitutes a reference value of a single charge on the surface. The second objective of this thesis was to obtain submolecular resolution in topography and electrical imaging on molecules, without intentional tip functionalization. A submolecular contrast is observed in the frequency shift images of single molecules with identification of the three-phenyl core and details of the aliphatic chains. Moreover, a high resolution is obtained in the surface potential images from KPFM measurements as well. Depending on type of the adsorption of molecule on the surface, two different KPFM contrasts are distinguished. Lastly, the comparison of organization in the assemblies is done for both CDB and CDB-I molecules. A similar organization is found for both molecules in nc-AFM images. The asymmetry of the nc-AFM topography and KPFM map of CDB-I molecules indicates the dipolar organization along a given assembly row

Imagerie à haute résolution des assemblages moléculaires par nc-AFM et KPFM à basse température

The progress of non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy (nc-AFM) in the last decade enabled studying the structural and electronic properties of molecules at the submolecular scale. The process of tip functionalization relying in attaching single atoms or molecules to the tip apex demonstrated an enhanced resolution in both STM and AFM images, such that the chemical structures of many different molecules deposited on metallic surfaces have been resolved. However, few studies have been presented on a semiconductor surface so far. In this work, we study the formation of molecular self-assemblies on the passivated surface of boron doped silicon Si(111)-(√3x√3)R30°-B by combined STM/nc-AFM with Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). The experiments have been performed on the Joule-Thomson Scanning Probe Microscope (SPECS), working in ultra high vacuum at temperature of 4 K, using a high stiffness sensor (Kolibri, k=540 kN/m, f0=1 MHz). The investigated molecules are: 1-(4’cyanophenyl)-2,5-bis(decyloxy)-4-(4’-iodophenyl)benzene (CDB-I), which possess two aliphatic chains attached to a triphenyl core ended with two different terminations (either iodine or cyano group) and non-polar 1,4 bis(4'cyanophenyl)-2,5bis(decyloxy)benzene (CDB) molecule, with two identical cyano group terminations. The first main objective of this work was to verify the sensitivity of the Kolibri sensor in the charge detection. KPFM measurements of boron doped silicon defects are presented, showing different charge states for dangling bond (DB), silicon vacancy and buried boron dopant defects. A positive charge state is found for the DB, in accordance with previous STM studies. The surface potential of this defect constitutes a reference value of a single charge on the surface. The second objective of this thesis was to obtain submolecular resolution in topography and electrical imaging on molecules, without intentional tip functionalization. A submolecular contrast is observed in the frequency shift images of single molecules with identification of the three-phenyl core and details of the aliphatic chains. Moreover, a high resolution is obtained in the surface potential images from KPFM measurements as well. Depending on type of the adsorption of molecule on the surface, two different KPFM contrasts are distinguished. Lastly, the comparison of organization in the assemblies is done for both CDB and CDB-I molecules. A similar organization is found for both molecules in nc-AFM images. The asymmetry of the nc-AFM topography and KPFM map of CDB-I molecules indicates the dipolar organization along a given assembly row.Le progrès important de la microscopie à force atomique sans contact (nc-AFM) au cours de la dernière décennie a permis d'étudier les propriétés structurelles et électroniques des molécules à l'échelle sub-moléculaire. Le processus de fonctionnalisation de la pointe, qui consiste à attacher des atomes ou des molécules uniques à l'apex de la pointe, a démontré une résolution exaltée des images STM et AFM, de sorte que les structures chimiques de nombreuses molécules différentes déposées sur des surfaces métalliques ont été résolues. Cependant, peu d'études ont été présentées jusqu'à présent sur des surfaces de semiconducteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la formation d'auto-assemblages moléculaires sur la surface passivée du silicium Si(111)-(√3x√3)R30°-B dopée au bore par STM/nc-AFM combiné avec Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). Les expériences ont été réalisées sur un microscope AFM/STM Joule-Thomson (SPECS), travaillant sous ultra-vide à une température de 4 K, en utilisant un capteur de force à haute rigidité (Kolibri, k=540 kN/m, f0=1 MHz). Les molécules étudiées sont : 1-(4'cyanophényl)-2,5-bis(décyloxy)-2,5-bis(décyloxy)-4-(4'-iodophényl)benzène (CDB-I), qui possèdent deux chaînes aliphatiques fixées à un noyau triphényle avec deux terminaisons différentes (soit iode, soit cyano) et la molécule nonpolaire 1,4 bis(4'cyanophényle)-2,5bis(décyloxy)benzène (CDB), avec deux terminaisons cyano identiques. Le premier objectif principal de ce travail était de vérifier la sensibilité de la sonde Kolibri dans la détection de charge. Les mesures KPFM portent sur les défauts du substrat dopé au bore, montrant les différents états de charge pour la liaison pendante (DB), la lacune de silicium et le dopant de bore enterré. L'état de charge positif est trouvé pour la DB, conformément aux études antérieures de la STM. Le potentiel de surface du défaut constitue la valeur de référence d'une seule charge sur la surface. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d'obtenir une résolution sub-moléculaire en topographie et en imagerie KPFM sur les molécules, sans fonctionnalisation intentionnelle de la pointe. Un contraste sub-moléculaire est observé dans les images de décalage de fréquence de molécules individuelles, permettant l’identification du noyau triphényle et des détails des chaînes aliphatiques. De plus, la haute résolution est également obtenue dans les images de potentiel de surface des mesures KPFM. Selon le type d'adsorption de la molécule en surface, on distingue deux contrastes KPFM différents. Enfin, la comparaison de l'organisation dans les assemblages est faite pour les molécules CDB et CDB-I. Malgré l'organisation similaire des deux molécules dans les images nc-AFM, une différence de potentiel de surface est observée pour les deux terminaisons de la molécule CDB-I, indiquant l'organisation dipolaire le long des rangées de molécules des auto-assemblages

Depreciation in political language. Analysis of tweets which discredit political opponents.

Niniejsza praca ma na celu analizę zjawiska deprecjacji w języku polityki. Dyskredytacja jest pojęciem bardzo złożonym, ponieważ może być badana z punktu widzenia zarówno psychologii jak i językoznawstwa. W tejże pracy chcę zbadać to zjawisko z punktu widzenia językowego oraz wykonać analizę środków językowych służących do dyskredytacji przeciwników politycznych. W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiona jest definicja komunikacji językowej, werbalnej. Przybliżenie tych teorii jest niezbędne do późniejszej analizy zjawiska dyskredytacji. Poprzez analizę wypowiedzi, można zaobserwować sposoby wyrażania pogardy wobec drugiej osoby. Po przedstawieniu teorii komunikacji, przybliżona jest teoria aktów mowy Searle'a, do których należy deprecjacja. Następnie wyjaśniona jest koncepcja twarzy Ervina Goffmana oraz jej rozwinięcie przez Browna i Levinsona. Pojęcie twarzy jest ściśle związane ze strategiami deprecjonującymi, ponieważ takie strategie stwarzają ryzyko dla twarzy zarówno nadawcy, jak i odbiorcy. Następnie zajmuję się definicją dyskredytacji i związaną z nią teorią.Drugi rozdział koncentruje się na języku politycznym i komunikacji politycznej. We wstępie rozdziału wspomina się o początkach języka politycznego w odniesieniu do retoryki, gdyż niektóre jego cechy, takie jak figury retoryczne, są używane przez polityków do dziś. Następnie jest przedstawiona ewolucja komunikacji politycznej w ostatnich stuleciach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem cech, które zmieniły się w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach oraz komunikacji w mediach społecznościowych.Rozdział trzeci to analiza zjawiska deprecjacji wśród polityków w mediach społecznościowych. Na korpus składają się tweety publikowane na Tweeterze w okresie od 1 stycznia do 30 kwietnia 2021 roku. Aby uzyskać pełny i obiektywny obraz zjawiska będącego przedmiotem mojej pracy magisterskiej, wybrałam wypowiedzi publikowane przez postacie reprezentujące różne opcje polityczne. Celem mojej pracy magisterskiej było przeanalizowanie różnych strategii, którymi posługują się politycy, aby deprecjonować swoich przeciwników.Pierwsza obserwacja jaka się pojawia, to coraz większa skłonność do potoczności. Biorąc pod uwagę historię języka polityków opisaną w drugim rozdziale i porównując ją z obecną kondycją języka używanego w tweetach polityków, można by wywnioskować, że język ten bywa coraz mniej formalny, bezpośredni, zasady grzeczności są eliminowane w przypadku tytułów zawodowych itp. Istnieje również skłonność do używania wulgarnych słów. Zmniejszenie dystansu między nadawcą a odbiorcą, jakie obserwuje się w odniesieniu do kogoś posługującego się jedynie nazwiskiem lub ironicznym tytułem, stanowi nieustanny atak na negatywną twarz odbiorcy. Taka sytuacja może być spowodowana przez kanał, w którym odbywa się komunikacja, czyli internet. Konieczne jest zatem zbadanie, czy zjawiska te występują również w starciach politycznych podczas spotkań osobistych.Jeśli chodzi o deprecjację, która jest tematem tej pracy, jest ona wyraźnie zauważalna w tweetach polityków. Poprzez uwłaczające akty mowy pozbawia się twarzy przeciwników i próbuje zdobyć poparcie jak największej liczby wyborców.This thesis aims to analyze the phenomenon of depreciation in the language of politics. Depreciation is a very complex concept because it can be studied from the point of view of both psychology and linguistics. In this work I want to examine this phenomenon from the linguistic point of view and analyze the linguistic measures used to discredit political opponents.The first chapter presents the definition of linguistic and verbal communication. Introducing these theories is necessary for the subsequent analysis of the phenomenon of depreciation. By analyzing what you say, you can see ways to express contempt for another person. After presenting the theory of communication, Searle's theory of speech acts, which include depreciation, is approximated. Then Ervin Goffman's concept of the face and its development by Brown and Levinson are explained. The concept of faces is closely related to deprecating strategies because such strategies pose risks to the face of both the sender and the recipient. Then I deal with the definition of depreciation and the related theory.The second chapter focuses on political language and political communication. The introduction to the chapter mentions the origins of political language in relation to rhetoric, as some of its features, such as rhetorical figures, are still used by politicians today. It then shows the evolution of political communication in recent centuries, with particular emphasis on features that have changed in recent decades and communication on social media.Chapter three is an analysis of the depreciation phenomenon among politicians in social media. The corpus consists of tweets posted on Twitter from January 10 to April 30, 2021. To get a complete and objective picture of the phenomenon that is the subject of my master's thesis, I chose sentences published by people representing various political options. The aim of my master's thesis was to analyze the various strategies that politicians use to depreciate their opponents.The first observation that appears is the increasing tendency to be colloquial. Taking into account the history of the language of politicians described in the second chapter and comparing it with the present condition of the language used in politicians' tweets, it could be concluded that this language is becoming less formal and direct, the rules of politeness are eliminated in the case of professional titles, etc. There is also a tendency to using vulgar words. The reduction of the distance between the sender and the recipient, as observed in relation to someone using only a name or an ironic title, is a constant attack on the negative face of the recipient. This can be caused by the communication channel, the network. It is therefore necessary to investigate whether these phenomena also occur in political live meetings.As for the depreciation that is the subject of this work, it is clearly noticeable in the tweets of politicians. Through derogatory acts of speech, politicians deprive their opponents' faces and try to win the support of as many voters as possible.Nella presente tesi si analizza il fenomeno del discredito nel linguaggio politico. Il discredito costituisce un concetto molto complesso perché si può esaminarlo sotto diversi punti di vista, sia psicologico che linguistico. Siccome questa tesi ha come l’obiettivo analizzare e approfondire il tema dal punto di vista linguistico, l’analisi prende in considerazione i mezzi linguistici adoperati per discreditare gli avversari politici, accennando ad alcuni riferimenti provenienti da altre discipline scientifiche per proporre il quadro completo del fenomeno. Il primo capitolo comincia con l’analisi del concetto della comunicazione linguistica, ossia la comunicazione verbale. Essa costituisce la condizione essenziale perché si possa osservare il fenomeno del discredito. Solo tramite l’analisi degli enunciati si può capire il modo in cui si realizza il disprezzo nei confronti dell’altro. Dopo l’analisi del concetto fondamentale, cioè della comunicazione, viene presentata teoria degli atti linguistici di Searle, in quanto il deprezzamento fa parte di essi. In seguito, viene spiegato il concetto della faccia di Ervin Goffman nonché lo sviluppo di essa da parte di Brown e Levinson. Il concetto della faccia è strettamente legato alle strategie del deprezzamento, perché tali strategie creano il rischio per la faccia sia del mittente che del destinatario. Successivamente, viene proposta la definizione del discredito e la teoria a esso correlata.Il secondo capitolo si concentra sul linguaggio politico e sulla comunicazione politica. All’inizio vengono menzionate le origini del linguaggio politico con il riferimento alla retorica, in quanto alcuni suoi tratti, come per esempio le figure retoriche, vengono utilizzati dai politici anche oggi. In seguito, è dimostrata l’evoluzione della comunicazione politica nei secoli recenti, con particolare attenzione alle caratteristiche che sono cambiate negli ultimi decenni e alla comunicazione nei social media.Il terzo capitolo costituisce l’analisi del fenomeno di deprezzamento tra i politici nei social media. Il corpus è composto dai tweet pubblicati su Tweeter nel periodo tra il 10 gennaio e il 30 aprile 2021. Per avere l’immagine piena e oggettiva del fenomeno che costituisce il soggetto della mia tesi, ho scelto gli enunciati pubblicati dai personaggi che rappresentano diversi schieramenti politici. L’obiettivo della mia tesi è stato quello di analizzare diverse strategie che adoperano i politici per deprezzare gli avversari. La prima osservazione che emerge è una propensione sempre crescente per la colloquialità. Prendendo in considerazione la storia della lingua dei politici descritta nel capitolo secondo e confrontandola con la condizione attuale della lingua usata nei tweet dei politici si potrebbe dedurre che la lingua tende a essere sempre meno formale, diretta, vengono eliminate le regole di gentilezza per quanto riguarda i titoli professionali ecc. Si osserva anche la propensione ad uso delle parole volgari. La riduzione della distanza tra il mittente e il destinatario che si osserva nel riferirsi a qualcuno usando solo il cognome oppure un titolo ironico costituisce un costante attacco alla faccia negativa del destinatario. Tale situazione potrebbe essere provocata dal canale, in cui avviene la comunicazione, cioè la rete. Occorre, dunque, esaminare, se questi fenomeni sono presenti anche negli scontri politici durante gli incontri in persona.Per quanto riguarda il deprezzamento, che costituisce il tema della presente tesi, questo fenomeno è molto presente nei tweet dei politici. Tramite gli atti linguistici di carattere dispregiativo si vuole privare della faccia gli avversari nonché conquistare l’appoggio del maggior numero degli elettori possibile

FLASH protocol as a diagnostic toolin horses with colic

FLASH (Fast Localised Abdominal Sonography of Horses), is a protocol that can be used in an emergency setting, to detect major intraabdominal abnormalities in horses with colic. This protocol assesses seven, topographical locations: (1) ventral abdomen, (2) gastric window, (3) spleno-renal window, (4) left middle third of the abdomen, (5) duodenal window, (6) right middle third of the abdomen, and (7) thoracic window. The examination is relatively easy and can be performed also by veterinarians without extensive experience. This protocol allows to evaluate anatomic location, wall thickness, motility, and content of the intestines. In conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings, ultrasonography helps in the preoperative identification of the source of acute abdominal pain

Ring charging of a single silicon dangling bond imaged by noncontact atomic force microscopy

International audienc

Ossifying Fibroma in the Nasal Cavity of a 2-Year-Old Horse

A 2-year-old mare of an unknown breed was referred to the clinic due to undetermined breathing difficulties. Physical examination revealed painless swelling rostral to the nasoincisive notch and a large, firm mass protruding from the left nostril. Radiographic examination of the head revealed a mass occupying the left nasal cavity and a displaced and hypoplastic last premolar of the left maxilla. The CT scan showed a well-demarcated heterogeneous mass measuring 22 × 9 × 5 cm (length × height × width) in the left nasal cavity attached to the roots of the displaced tooth and conchae. The surgery was performed on the standing horse. Firstly, due to the oblique position of the displaced tooth, the extraction was performed extra-orally through the trephination and repulsion of the maxillary bone. In the next step, a direct surgical approach was chosen for the caudal part of the mass via the osteotomy of the left nasal bone. The mass was bluntly separated from the conchae and removed through the nostril using Fergusson forceps. The histopathological characteristics of the mass led to the diagnosis of ossifying fibroma. The horse recovered completely in seven months, without recurrence after two years