Regional Conflict Management of Ethnic Wars: The African Union’s Effectiveness in Cameroon’s Anglophone Crisis

Intrastate conflicts, many of which are caused by almost similar factors continue to wreak havoc across Africa. These conflict demand decisive action by the African Union (AU), the intergovernmental organization that presides over peace and security on the continent. The AU has by its own declaration, adopted the principle of non-indifference, taking upon itself to intervene through various means mostly diplomatic, into the internal affairs of member states who have failed or struggle to ensure domestic stability. The rationale for resorting to the use of diplomacy rather than military intervention is, the security complex and implementation of AU structures differ from one conflict to the other. Thus, reason why it adopts a context-specific approach in conflict prevention, management and resolution in each situation. The determination to reduce conflicts that wreck the region have always been judged as being insufficient at times, ignoring the complexity of the situation on the ground. In order therefore to understand this claim, this study assesses the AU’s involvement in the Anglophone Crisis in the Republic of Cameroon. The discourse shall be stimulated by the central question: How effective is the African Union’s towards managing the Anglophone Crisis in the Republic of Cameroon? In order to answer this, an extensive literature survey is employed to present the AU regional security complex in relation to its efforts towards managing the conflict. Moreover, the study empirically reconstructs the historical development and background of the conflict, explores the conflict management journey, and subsequently assesses the areas, modalities and challenges that still render its resolution far-fetched from a point of view of AU response efforts. Based on the findings, the research presents in a final close on the AU’s strengths and weaknesses, and recommendations for improvement of its institutional ability to attain set goals

PENATAAN KAWASAN PERDAGANGAN PUSAT KOTA DI PASAR MBONGAWANI, KECAMATAN ENDE SELATAN, KABUPATEN ENDE

Kecamatan Ende Selatan merupakan salah satu wilayah pengembangan I sebagai pusat perdagangan yaitu pasar Mbongawani. Pasar Mbongawani adalah pasar terlengkap, terdiri dari pertokoan, kios dagang, los pasar dan sarana prasaran yang mendukung aktifitas perdagangan, yang memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat Kabupaten Ende. Dinamika kehidupan masyarakat dan berbagai aktifitas masyarakat Kabupaten Ende menjadikan ruang pusat perdaganagn ini sebagai ruang yang selalu hidup dan menjadi ruang yang paling esensial dalam kehidupan Kabupaten Ende. Dalam perkembangannya potensi besar sebagai pusat perdagangan ini terlambat oleh berbagai permasalahan yang timbul karena kurangnya penataan di kawasan perdagangan yaitu pasar Mbongawani antara lain macet yang diakibatkan oleh para pedagangang yang menggunakan badan jalan untuk menjual dagangan, tidak adanya tempat pejalan kaki yang nyaman bagi masyarakat yang melakukan aktifitas berbelanja, dan kebiasaan masyarakat yang memarkir kendaraan semerawut di badan jalan sehinggah menimbulkan ketidak nyamanan bagi pejalan kaki. Penataan kawasan ini bertujuan untuk menciptakan penataan kawasan perdagangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif (disandingkan) untuk menganalisis kriteria kawasan perdagangan pusat kota, dilihat dari kondisi eksisting seperti; daerah pusat kegiatan, aksesibilitas, daerah perdagangan, selain itu penelitian ini juga menggunakan analisi tapak kesesuaian fungsi pada masing masing elemen penataan dilihat dari jenis kegiatan, batas kegiatan, infrastruktur, aksesibilitas, ketinggian, rasio luas lantai (FAR), converage, steet-line, set back, skala, bahan, teksture, warna, ketersediaan sirkulasi dan parkir, jalur pejalan kaki. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini yaitu menentukan konsep penataan kawasan perdagangan sebagai penataan baru kawasan perdagangan pusat kota di pasar mbongawani

PENERAPAN METODE INTERPOLASI LAGRANGE DALAM MEMPREDIKSI JUMLAH PENDUDUK PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

This study aims to predict the population of the province of East Nusa Tenggara by applying the Interpolation method. The research method used is the method of literature study and computer programming simulation MATLAB and Exel. Data were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) from 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2010. Knowledge of population development each year would be difficult to know if the population census was only conducted once every ten years. Therefore, an alternative mathematics that can be used as a reference for solving the problem of population size each year is numerical forecasting, namely the interpolation method. By using the Lagrange interpolation method, it is found that every year the population increases by an average of 2.107%. The solution expected from this research is the existence of government programs that can reduce the birth rate and reduce the number of transmigrants

Perencanaan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Domestik Skala Kawasan di Kota Sidoarjo

Air limbah domestik di Kota Sidoarjo belum dikelola dengan baik, dimana greywater dibuang langsung ke drainase tanpa melalui pengolahan. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) harus diwujudkan karena salah satu tujuannya yaitu pengolahan air limbah domestik. Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) tahun 2015-2019 juga memiliki target yakni 100 : 0 : 100. Lokasi perencanaan adalah Kelurahan Lemahputro dan Kelurahan Sidokare, Kecamatan Sidoarjo Kabupaten Sidoarjo. IPAL Kawasan yang dibangun di Indonesia memang masih belum banyak, dikarenakan belum banyak kesadaran dari masyarakat tentang bahaya dari air limbah domestik. Sehingga dibutuhkan inovasi yang bisa lebih mempengaruhi kesadaran masyarakat. Tujuan dari perencanaan tugas akhir ini adalah membuat design IPAL domestik dengan model ABR dan Organica Ecotechnology di Kelurahan Lemahputro dan Kelurahan Sidokare Kecamatan Sidoarjo Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Tahapan perencanaan dimulai dari perizinan, survei lokasi, pengumpulan data, studi literatur, pengolahan data, pembahasan dan kesimpulan. Data yang digunakan dalam perencanaan adalah data primer, berupa kualitas air limbah dan survey kondisi eksisting dan data sekuder yang berupa HSPK Kota Surabaya, data lokasi. Data primer diambil dari pengukuran langsung dilapangan dan pengambilan sampel di kelurahan Lemahputro dan kelurahan Sidokare.  Data sekunder diambil dari dinas terkait yaitu PDAM Delta Tirta Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Bappeda Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Kelurahan Lemahputro dan Kelurahan Sidokare. Diameter pipa yang digunakan dalam perencanaan pengembangan SPAL dan IPAL kawasan ini adalah 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm dan 250 mm. ABR kelurahan Lemahputro diperoleh luas 197,01 m2 dengan 3 buah unit paralel.  ABR Kelurahan Sidokare diperoleh luas 206,91 m2 dengan 3 buah unit paralel. Biaya investasi total per KK untuk Cluster 1 adalah Rp 7.800.000 dan Cluster 2 adalah Rp 7.200.000. Biaya retribusi setiap kepala keluarga yang harus dibayar melalui organisasi lingkungan setempat setiap bulannya yaitu sebesar Rp 6.000 Cluster 1 dan Rp 4.000 Cluster 2

Obstacles to the realization of women’s reproductive health rights in Zimbabwe

Improving the sexual and reproductive health of young women allows them to reap the personal, social and economic benefits through making informed decisions on their health. Restrictions on the sexual and reproductive health rights of young women are discriminatory because they relegate women to a state of being less valuable than their male counterparts. This study explores the obstacles that women face in asserting their reproductive health rights in Zimbabwe. For this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data, which was analysed using narrative analysis techniques. The study found that polygamy and wife inheritance were among the challenges women faced that kept them from exercising their reproductive rights. Other forms of gender inequality also reduces the autonomy of women. Gender norms have an effect on the health seeking behaviour of women within the sexual and reproductive health ambit. Keywords: Reproductive health, women, discrimination, autonomy, culture, society, Zimbabw

Gold compounds with anti-HIV and immunomodulatory activity

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) that subsequently develops remain major health concerns even after three decades since the first cases were reported. Successful therapeutic measures to address HIV/AIDS consist mostly of combinations of drugs targeting viral enzymes including reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR) and integrase (IN) as well as entry steps of the viral life cycle. The remarkable benefits (e.g. improved quality of life) derived from the use of these agents are unfortunately limited by toxicity to the host and the development of drug resistant viral strains. Drug resistance limits the repertoire of drug combinations available. Unfortunately, because latent forms of the virus exists, therapy has to be life-long and with new infections occurring every day, resistant strains tend to spread. To circumvent these problems, new drugs that inhibit resistant strains or work against new viral targets have to be developed. The history of gold compounds as potential inhibitors of HIV prompted this study in which twenty seven compounds consisting of gold(I), gold(III) and precursors from five classes were tested for drug-likeness, anti-HIV and immunomodulatory effects using wet lab and in silico methodologies. Cytotoxicity determination was done using viability dyes and flow cytometry. Cell proliferation profiles were monitored using the carboxyflourescein succinimidyl ester dye dilution technology and a real time cell analyser for confirming viability dye findings. The compounds’ effects on viral enzymes was determined using direct enzyme assays and in silico molecular modelling techniques. H and P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies for determining stability revealed that the backbone chemical shifts of the compounds were relatively unchanged after one week (-20 and 37 ºC) when dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. Eight of the gold compounds had drug-like properties comparable to clinically available drugs when in silico predictions were performed. The 50% cytotoxic dose of the compounds in human cells was between 1 and 20 μM (clinically relevant concentrations for gold compounds). Three gold(I) compounds inhibited viral infectivity at non-toxic concentrations and two gold(III) compounds did so at cytostatic (anti-proliferative mechanism that is also antiviral) concentrations. In the immunomodulatory assay, cytokine levels were altered by five compounds with one gold(I) and a gold(III) compound significantly reducing the frequency of CD4+ cells (an anti-viral function) from HIV+ donors (p= 0.005 and 0.027 respectively) when multi-parametric flow cytometry was performed. Inhibition of RT activity was predicted in in silico studies to be through interactions with the ribonuclease (RNase) H site although with poor stereochemical orientation while favourable binding predictions with the IN cofactor binding site were observed for some gold(III) complexes. Compounds predicted to interact with the RNase H site of RT and the IN cofactor site require structural modification to improve drug-likeness and binding affinity. The drug-like compound(s) which inhibited viral infectivity and lowered CD4+ cell frequency have potential for incorporation into virostatic cocktails (combination of cytostatic and directly anti-viral agent). Cytostatic agents are known to be less prone to drug resistance and because they lower CD4+ cell frequency, such compounds can potentially limit HIV immune activation.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.Biochemistryunrestricte

Extension de la pourriture molle du céleri branche en maraîchage périurbain de Yaoundé (Cameroun)

International audienceLe céleri branche, Apium graveolens var. dulce, est un légume-feuille qui domine les cultures maraîchères du bas-fond de Nkolondom, principal pourvoyeur en légumes de Yaoundé (Cameroun). Cultivé comme les légumes-feuilles traditionnels, le céleri branche est toutefois menacé depuis trois ans par l'extension d'une pourriture molle qui réduit d'un tiers la durée de son cycle cultural. La bactérie Pectobacterium carotovorum, anciennement appelée Erwinia carotovora, ayant été identifiée comme agent causal, le mode local de récolte par prélèvements échelonnés de feuilles a été soupçonné de favoriser cette maladie par les blessures induites sur la tige. Le mode de conduite local de la culture a donc été comparé à l'itinéraire technique conventionnel de région tempérée (région d'origine du céleri), qui diffère par le mode de semis, de plantation, et de récolte. Les résultats montrent que le mode de récolte échelonnée ne favorise pas l'extension de la maladie, qu'il procure les meilleurs rendements, et qu'il est bien adapté au marché local. Finalement, l'extension récente de P. carotovorum pourrait être liée au changement concomitant de la variété de céleri imposée par les importateurs de semences, ce qui souligne la fragilité d'une filière maraîchère encore peu organisée

Estudo paramétrico por Dinâmica de Fluidos Computacional do escoamento do ar e transferência de calor para otimização do desempenho de embalagens de produtos alimentares

Atualmente existe uma necessidade crescente de prolongar a vida útil dos produtos alimentares perecíveis, quer para garantir a qualidade e segurança alimentar, quer para reduzir o desperdício alimentar, que no caso dos produtos hortícolas atinge aproximadamente 50%. Para produtos hortícolas, tais como frutas, legumes e flores cortadas, a temperatura é um parâmetro extrínseco muito importante que afeta a taxa de deterioração do produto e a vida pós-colheita. A rápida remoção de calor do campo após a colheita por arrefecimento e manutenção da temperatura ideal do produto em abastecimento logístico são, portanto, de extrema relevância. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo desenvolver estudos paramétricos por Dinâmica de Fluidos Computacional de acomodação e estrutura de embalagens envolvendo simultaneamente parâmetros estruturais, geométricos e térmicos para a previsão do escoamento do ar e transferência de calor que permitam avaliar o desempenho de embalagens de produtos alimentares. Um modelo tridimensional transitório de CFD de uma câmara fria com caixas de embalagem cheias de frutos é apresentado para prever o escoamento de ar transitório e a transferência de calor por convecção e condução no interior dos frutos. Na construção dos modelos CFD, foi definido um modelo físico-matemático baseado nas equações da continuidade, da quantidade de movimento e da energia. A turbulência foi considerada através do modelo de turbulência SST- k - ?. O estudo paramétrico considera o desenvolvimento de modelos de CFD com diferentes disposições: empilhamento lateral, empilhamento vertical e o modelo de orientação das caixas, para analisar o escoamento de ar e a transferência de calor durante o período de arrefecimento para extrair o calor do campo após a colheita dos frutos. Ao final das 8 horas de arrefecimento, a variação da temperatura média prevista nas esferas de ágar para o (1) modelo com três embalagens de frutas (modelo padrão), indica que na embalagem do topo, em contacto com ar refrigerado, os simuladores dos produtos apresentam a temperatura mais baixa. A diferença de temperatura nas esferas localizadas nas embalagens a diferentes alturas atinge o máximo de 1,3ºC; (2) caso de estudo do empilhamento lateral, que a temperatura média nos produtos localizados nas embalagens que não ficam na direção do ar refrigerado da câmara, seja cerca 0,5ºC mais elevada. Neste modelo, a discrepância em altura dos valores de temperatura dos produtos é superior que no modelo padrão, atingindo mais de 2ºC; (3) o modelo de empilhamento vertical, é previsto que a temperatura média nos produtos aumenta à medida que a altura decresce, sendo a variação média entre o valor máximo e mínimo de temperatura dos produtos de cerca 4ºC; (4) o modelo orientado a 90º relativamente ao escoamento de ar refrigerado, a temperatura média dos produtos é mais elevada aproximadamente 1ºC do que no modelo padrão (orientado a 0º). Assim, os resultados permitem avaliar o tempo e/ou a temperatura e velocidade do ar de descarga necessária para que todas as frutas dentro das caixas de embalagem atinjam a temperatura de conservação que garanta a sua qualidade e segurança das frutas antes de entrarem na cadeia de distribuição. Com base nestes resultados, os operadores podem tomar decisões acerca do armazenamento das embalagens de forma a promover uma temperatura mais baixa dos produtos, com ganhos a nível energético, de segurança e qualidade alimentar.Currently, there is an increasing need to extend the shelf life of perishable food products, both to ensure food quality and safety and to reduce food waste, which in the case of vegetables reaches approximately 50%. For vegetables, such as fruits, vegetables and cut flowers, temperature is a very important extrinsic parameter that affects the rate of product spoilage and post-harvest life. Rapid removal of heat from the field after harvest by cooling and maintenance of optimum product temperature in logistical supply are therefore of utmost relevance. The present dissertation aims to develop parametric studies by Computational Fluid Dynamics of packaging accommodation and structure involving simultaneously structural, geometric and thermal parameters for the prediction of air flow and heat transfer that allow to evaluate the performance of food product packaging. A three-dimensional transient CFD model of a cold room with packaging cases filled with fruits is presented to predict the transient airflow and heat transfer by convection and conduction inside the fruits. In the construction of the CFD models, a physicomathematical model based on the equations of continuity, quantity of motion and energy was defined. Turbulence was considered through the turbulence model SST- k - ?. The parametric study considers the development of CFD models with different layouts: lateral stacking, vertical stacking and the box orientation model, to analyze the airflow and heat transfer during the cooling period to extract heat from the field after fruit harvest. After 8 hours cooling, the variation of the average temperature predicted on the agar spheres for the (1) model with three fruit packaging (standard model), indicates that in the top packaging, in contact with the cold air, the product simulators have the lowest temperature. The temperature difference in the spheres located in packagaging at different heights reaches a maximum of 1.3°C; (2) case study of lateral stacking, that the average temperature in the products located in the packaging that are not in the direction of the cold air, is about 0.5ºC higher. In this model, the discrepancy of the products’ temperature values due to height location is higher than in the standard model, reaching more than 2ºC; (3) vertical stacking model, it is predicted that the products’ average temperature increases as the height decreases, with a variation between the maximum and minimum products’ temperature around 4°C; (4) 90° oriented model in relation to the cold air flow, the products’ average temperature is approximately 1°C higher than in the standard model (0° oriented). Thus, the results allow us to evaluate the time and/or temperature and velocity of the discharge air required for all the fruit inside the packaging boxes to reach the preservation temperature that guarantees their quality and fruit safety before entering the distribution chain. Based on these results, operators can make decisions about the packaging cold storage to promote a lower temperature of the products, with gains in terms of energy, safety and food quality

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA CV TUNGAYUA MENGGUNAKAN BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

Persaingan antar perusahaan percetakan yang semakin ketat membuat CV Tungayua harus mampu membuat peluang agardapat bertahan ditengah persaingan yang ketat. Salah satu cara yang dapat CV Tungayua lakukan untuk bertahan adalahdengan membuat sebuah strategi bisnis yang dikembangkan setelah mengetahui model bisnis yang dijalankan saat ini danmengevaluasi model bisnis yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan identifikasi terhadap model bisnis CVTungayua menggunakan Business Model Canvas (BMC), melakukan evaluasi tehadap model bisnis yang dilaksanakan, danmenyusun strategi perbaikan untuk pengembangan dari evaluasi model bisnis CV Tungayua yang telah dilakukan. Metodeyang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan alat analisis yang digunakan BMC dan bantuan Tolo Branca sebagai evaluasikekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman. Hasil dari penelitian memperlihatkan identifikasi terhadap sembilan elemenmodel bisnis yang menunjukkan adanya kekuatan utama berasal dari blok proposisi nilai dengan program yang ditawarkanmampu memenuhi dan menyesuaikan kebutuhan pelanggan. Sementara itu kelemahan utama berasal dari arus pendapatanyang memiliki margin kecil. Peluang utama berasal dari saluran dan ancaman utama berasal dari aktivitas utama. Strategiyang dapat dilakukan yakni dengan mengoptimalkan elemen aktivitas kunci dan arus pendapatan yang dipadukan denganpeluang serta kekuatan dari saluran dan proposisi nilai untuk menghasilkan strategi yang memberikan pengembangan padaCVTungayuadi Kota Jakarta Selatan. Competition between printing companies is getting tougher, so CV Tungayua must be able to create opportunities to survive in the midst of intense competition. One way that CV Tungayua can do to survive is to create a business strategy that is developed after knowing the current business model and evaluating the business model being carried out. This study aims to identify the CV Tungayua business model using the Business Model Canvas (BMC), evaluate the implemented business model, and devise a strategy for improvement for the development of the evaluation of the CV Tungayua business model that has been carried out. The method used is qualitative with analytical tools used by BMC and Tolo Branca's assistance as an evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of the study show the identification of nine business model elements which indicate that the main strength comes from the value proposition block with the programs offered being able to meet and adapt customer needs. Meanwhile, the main weakness comes from revenue streams that have small margins. The main opportunities come from channels and the main threats come from main activities. The strategy that can be carried out is to optimize the key activity elements and revenue streams combined with the opportunities and strengths of the channel and value proposition to produce a strategy that provides development for CV Tungayua in South Jakarta City