US hegemonic leadership and its geopolitical codes

This paper seeks to explore the relationship between geopolitical codes and hegemonic cycles as two crucial concepts in the context of the geopolitical world order. The US geopolitical codes are analyzed in different stages of the US hegemonic cycle. The US has been selected because it is the most notable, unique case and the last hegemonic power in recent time. This analysis covers the period of the emergence of the US as a hegemonic power until its decline. This paper concludes that there is a strong relation between the two important concepts, namely geopolitical codes and hegemonic cycles and this conclusion is arrived at by analyzing the characteristics of hegemonic powers of the United States

The Post-Cold War developments, energy resources and the US position in the new era "a literature review"

With the end of the cold war and collapse of the Eastern superpower, it is significant to study the position of great countries particularly the United States in the geopolitical world order. It also is very important to identify important geoeconomic factors which are effective in the formation of the relations among the great powers in the new era. The role of energy has always been determined as a significant factor in the global developments as well as in the activities of powerful states especially the US. This paper reviews some proper studies to establish logical relation between energy resources and position of the US in the geopolitical world order. The following studies refer to decline of US hegemon especially in the late of 1960s and the US efforts to gain highest position in the world system. In these studies have been stressed on the oil reserves as a vital interest and it has been identified as main goal of the US presence in the Persian Gulf region. Here also has been stressed on the domination of geo-economic logic over geopolitical logic in the US international policies

The US geopolitical codes and its influences on the US-Iran Relations: The case of George W. Bush's presidency.

This paper attempts to explain the US-Iran political relations from the geopolitical perspective. It focuses on George W. Bush’s presidency as a remarkable period in two states’ relations. Concentrating on the US geopolitical codes, this work aims to study the political leaders’ beliefs and also the influences of these ideas on the states’ foreign policy. The research also stresses on some of the world’s geopolitical changes in the geopolitical world order context. With the end of Iran-Iraq war, inimical relation of the US-Iran was promoting, and it even entered a more critical phase with the occurrence of changes in the US foreign policy towards Iran, when Bush was elected as the US president in 2001 and especially after September 11th attacks. At this point, Iran was introduced as an “axis of evil” and this asseveration strengthened hostility between the two countries. With the election of Ahmadinejad as Iran’s president in 2005, Iran’s political behavior also underwent drastic changes. As a result, both countries, based on their leaders’ beliefs, pursued their policies in the regional and global level to access to different objectives, in line with the ideas that had been derived from their geopolitical-ideological assumptions

The U.S. geopolitical code and the role of the Persian Gulf oil in the U.S. military intervention in 2003

This paper seeks to explore the motives of the U.S. military presence in the Persian Gulf region vis-a-vis the energy resources of the region. Studying geopolitical codes helps reveal the intentions behind a state’s foreign policy through defining national interests, threats, actions and justification. Examining the U.S. code suggests the importance of oil as a vital strategic interest for the country. It defines the preservation of the U.S. hegemonic position as an ultimate goal for its presence in the Persian Gulf. In this respect, the threat of Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi government to three vast fields of energy reservoirs in the Persian Gulf made it necessary to affect regime change so as to protect the free flow of oil to the West and this was done through the control and preservation of the U.S. hegemonic position

US geopolitical codes and role of Persian gulf oil in US military intervention in the region (2001-2004)

This thesis examines the role of the Persian Gulf oil as a geoeconomic factor in the US military intervention in the Persian region. This role is examined in relation to the US attempts to preserve its world leadership position and reconstruct a new geopolitical world order. This role is examined by analyzing US geopolitical codes. This examination focused on the US geopolitical code during the first term of the George W. Bush presidency between 2001 and 2004. A qualitative content analysis technique was used to analyze data in order to get an in-depth understanding of the US geopolitical code. In this respect, selected US presidential speeches and some official documents such as National Security Strategy and National Energy Policy, as well as the important relevant past studies were consulted and analyzed. Data analysis revealed a number of important findings. Firstly, there has always been a close connection between geopolitical codes of the United States and its world leadership position. The American geopolitical culture postulates the US as a “holy land” with the “chosen people”. Therefore, the country has a mission to spread and defend freedom, democracy and peace around the globe. After September 11, global terrorism came to be defined as the main threat to the civilized world and American values. To defend these values, Bush argued that there was therefore a need to reinforce US military might and its global actions as a world leader. Secondly, since the Second World War, the importance of the Persian Gulf region remained as prominent geopolitical assumption in defining the US geopolitical codes. The importance of this oil rich region as US vital interests has clearly been asserted in the various American doctrines during different periods. Based on US geopolitical codes, all threats to this vital area must be countered by force. In this respect, the Iraqi regime was defined as a serious threat to these regional interests. Iraq was also linked to terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. That consequently justified a pre-emptive war against Iraq to preserve US interests. Lastly, the US military intervention in Iraq would mean reinforcing the US presence in the region as well as controlling the richest oil area in the world. The geoeconomics of controlling oil would mean controlling the global economy and other great rival powers, which are the most important oil consumers as well. This would thus ensure the security of oil flow toward all industrial countries as well as preserving the interests of US friendly states. It would also portray the United States as a benevolent leader and increase its legitimacy, which had been declining since the early 1970s. And finally, it would help to impose the US global geopolitical code on other states in the reconstruction of the new geopolitical world order in order that the US world leadership would continue

Research methodology in geopolitics: application of qualitative content analysis in studying the geopolitical codes case: the role of the Persian Gulf's oil in the Iraq war

This paper attempts to analyze geopolitical codes using qualitative content analysis. Analyzing such codes helps to reveal the political elite's geopolitical assumptions, which form a state's foreign policy. This paper explains how the relationship between events and geopolitical codes could be interpreted by using qualitative content analysis method. It shows that this technique is researcher centric and how effective it is depends on the ability and skill of the researcher. A qualitative content analysis is also important because, for analyzing geopolitical codes, the researcher needs to analyze and interpret presidential speeches and governmental documents as critical data. In this paper a case study is used to explain the process of analysis, including different stages of this technique

Conductometric determination of formation constants of tris(2-pyridyl)methylamine and titanium (III) in water-acetonitryl mixture.

A conductance study of the interaction between titanium (III) cation and tris(2-pyridyl) methylamine (tpm), in water-acetonitrile mixtures was carried out at various temperatures. The formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were determined from the molar conductance-mole ratio data. The stability constants of 1:1 (M:L) complexes of tpm with titanium (III) cation, the Gibbs standard free energies (ΔGc o{script}), the standard enthalpy changes (ΔHc o{script}) and the standard entropy changes (ΔSc o{script}) for the formation of these complexes in acetonitrile-water (AN-H2O) binary mixtures have been determined conductometrically. The stability constants of the complexes were obtained from fitting of molar conductivity curves using a computer program, GENPLOT

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed