The consequences of the effects of the chemotherapeutic drug (vincristine) in organs and the influence on the bioavailability of two radio-biocomplexes used for bone evaluations in balb/c female mice

The development of animal model to evaluate the toxicological action of compounds used as pharmaceutical drugs is desired. The model described in this work is based on the capability of drugs to alter the bioavailability of radiopharmaceuticals (radiobiocomplexes) labeled with technetium-99 m(99mTc). There are evidences that the bioavailability or the pharmacokinetic of radiobiocomplexes can be modified by some factors, as drugs, due to their toxicological action in specific organs. Vincristine is anatural product that has been utilized in oncology. The vincristine effect on the bioavailability of the radiobiocomplexes 99mTc- ethylenediphosphonic acid (99mTc-MDP) and 99mTc-pyrophosphate (99mTc- PYP) in Balb/c female mice was evaluated. The fragments of kidney were processed to light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The aim of this work was to study at structural and ultrastructural levels the alterations caused by vincristine in organs. One hour after the last dose ofvincristine, 99mTc-PYP or 99mTc-MDP was injected, the animals were sacrificed and the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) was determined in the isolated organs. Concerning 99mTc-PYP, the %ATI (i) decreased in spleen, thymus, lymph nodes (inguinal and mesentheric), kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, stomach, heart and brain and (ii) increased in bone and thyroid. Concerning 99mTc-MDP, the %ATI (iii) decreased in spleen, thymus, lymph nodes (inguinal and mesentheric), kidney, liver, pancreas,stomach, heart, brain, bone, ovary and uterus. In conclusion, the toxic effect of vincristine in determined organs could be responsible for the alteration of the uptake of the studied radiobiocomplexes

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39.4-40.7) to 50.3% (50.0-50.5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46.3% (95% UI 46.1-46.5) in 2017, compared with 28.7% (28.5-29.0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88.6% (95% UI 87.2-89.7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664-711) of the 1830 (1797-1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76.1% (95% UI 71.6-80.7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53.9% (50.6-59.6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0–8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421–723) to 853 million (642–1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6–9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4–7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782–3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279–1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082–3583] vs 2336 [2154–2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943–3630] vs 5643 [5057–6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Hipertensão arterial e obesidade em motoristas profissionais de transporte de cargas Hipertensión arterial y obesidad en choferes profesionales de transporte de cargas Hypertension and obesity among professional drivers who work transporting loads

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e obesidade em motoristas profissionais de transporte de carga e associá-la com variáveis estudadas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal abragendo amostra de 258 motoristas profissionais de transporte de cargas que trafegavam pela Rodovia BR-116, no trecho paulista Regis Bittencourt. RESULTADOS: Os motoristas eram adultos jovens (37,5±10 anos), 19% tabagistas, 55% referiram ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas, 74% sedentários, 57% usavam medicamentos inibidores do sono, percorriam em média 800 km/dia e dirigiam 10 horas/dia. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial foi de 37%, 46% tinham sobrepeso, 36% obesidade e 58% circunferência abdominal aumentada. A análise de regressão logística indicou que a hipertensão arterial se associou (OD: Odds ratio, IC: intervalo de confiança a 95%) com: aumento do índice de massa corporal (OR=1,183 IC 1,065-1,314); glicemia (OR=1,039 IC 1,004-1,076); e hábito de ingerir medicamento para inibir o sono (OR= 0,322 IC 0,129-0,801). CONCLUSÃO: Foi expressiva a presença de hipertensão, sobrepeso e obesidade nesses profissionais.<br>OBJETIVOS: Verificar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y obesidad en choferes profesionales de transporte de carga y asociarla con variables estudiadas. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal abarcando una muestra de 258 choferes profesionales de transporte de carga que circulan por la carretera BR-116, en el trecho Regis Bittencourt, en el estado de Sao Paulo. RESULTADOS: Los choferes eran adultos jóvenes (37,5±10 años), 19% tabaquistas, 55% refirieron ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas, 74% sedentarios, 57% usaban medicamentos inhibidores del sueño; recorrían en promedio 800 km/día y conducían 10 horas/día. La prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial fue de 37%, 46% tenían sobrepeso, 36% obesidad y 58% circunferencia abdominal aumentada. El análisis de regresión logística indicó que la hipertensión arterial se asoció (OD: Odds ratio, IC: intervalo de confianza de 95%) con: aumento del índice de masa corporal (OR=1,183 IC 1,065-1,314); glucemia (OR=1,039 IC 1,004-1,076); y hábito de ingerir medicamentos para inhibir el sueño (OR= 0,322 IC 0,129-0,801). CONCLUSIÓN: Entre los profesionales fue expresiva la presencia de hipertensión arterial, sobrepeso y obesidad.<br>OBJECTIVES: To verify the prevalence of hypertension and obesity among professional freight truck drivers and associate them with studied variables. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study covering a sample of 258 professional freight truck drivers, traveling on the highway BR-116, on the Regis Bittencourt portion, in Sao Paulo state. RESULTS: Drivers were young adults (37.5±10 years), 19% were smokers, 55% reported drinking alcohol, 74% were sedentary, 57% used sleep-inhibiting drugs; they traveled an average of 800 km/day and drove 10 hours/day. The prevalence of hypertension was 37%, 46% were overweight, 36% were obese and 58% had high waist circumference. The logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension was associated (OD: Odds ratio, CI: confidence interval 95%) with: increased body mass index (OR = 1.183 CI 1.065 to 1.314); blood glucose (OR = 1.039 CI 1.004 to 1.076); and habit of using drugs that inhibit sleep (OR = 0.322 CI 0.129 to 0.801). CONCLUSION: Among professionals was significant the presence of hypertension, overweight and obesity