The Relationship between Environmental, Cultural and Chronological Factors with the Frequency, Cause and Type of Burn Injuries Admitted to the Trauma and Burn Center Motahari Hospital, during the Years 2007to 2011

Background:One of the most important health associated problem are events, which burns considered the most common of them. To prevent burn and reduce the complication and mortality rate, accurate information of epidemiology of burn is essential for planning properly.This study was conducted to determine the relationship between environmental and cultural factors and the type, cause and extent of burn injuries admitted to the trauma and burn center of Motahari hospital during 1386 to 1390.Methods: In this routine data base study, we recruited all burned patients whichreferred to trauma andburncenter of ShahidMotahari hospital between 2007 and 2011. Mainvariables includingeconomic conditions, season ofoccurrenceof the accident,the accident tocurriedonspecial occasions, yearof accident, accidentstatuson holidays, type of injury, cause of injury, injuryseverity, burnarea, anddemographic variables such asage and gender were entered in checklist from patient’s documents.Collected data were entered into softwareSPSS version 11 and were analyzed.Results:5511 patients were admitted to Motahari hospital during the April of 1386 to the end of 1390, from which 1448 (26.3%) cases were female and 4063 (73.7%) male. The mean age of subjects was 28.47 (SD=1.88).There was significant difference between different gender and etiology, so that men were burned more by oil, gasoline and diesel fuel rather than women.There was significant difference about the number of burned cases by the flame at different seasons of the year. Average number of people burned by gas cylinders,electricity,caraccident,bitumen was significantly different in different seasons.Conclusion:There were significant differences about burn injuries due to the gas cylinders,bitumen,electricity and car accidents in different seasons and months.To inform burn centers, principalship of these data increases their ability to manage populated and harmful days. According to the higher rate of explosive burn injury in the last month of the year producing harmless explosive materials can be so effective to support patients lives

Reproductive factors and risk of melanoma : a population-based cohort study

Background The association between reproductive factors and risk of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is unclear. We investigated this issue in the Norwegian Women and Cancer cohort study. Objectives To examine the association between the reproductive factors age at menarche, menstrual cycle length, parity, age at first and last birth, menopausal status, breastfeeding duration and length of ovulatory life, and CM risk, overall and by histological subtypes and anatomical site. Methods We followed 165 712 women aged 30-75 years at inclusion from 1991-2007 to the end of 2015. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The mean age at cohort enrolment was 49 years. During a median follow-up of 18 years, 1347 cases of CM were identified. No reproductive factors were clearly associated with CM risk. When stratifying by histological subtype we observed significant heterogeneity (P = 0 center dot 01) in the effect of length of ovulatory life on the risk of superficial spreading melanoma (HR 1 center dot 02, 95% CI 1 center dot 01-1 center dot 04 per year increase) and nodular melanoma (HR 0 center dot 97, 95% CI 0 center dot 94-1 center dot 01 per year increase). When stratifying by anatomical site, menopausal status (HR 0 center dot 54, 95% CI 0 center dot 31-0 center dot 92, postmenopausal vs. premenopausal) and menstrual cycle length (HR 1 center dot 07, 95% CI 1 center dot 01-1 center dot 13, per day increase) were associated with CM of the trunk, and significant heterogeneity between anatomical sites was observed for menopausal status (P = 0 center dot 04). Conclusions In this large population-based Norwegian cohort study, we did not find convincing evidence of an association between reproductive factors and risk of CM.Peer reviewe

The causal effect and impact of reproductive factors on breast cancer using super learner and targeted maximum likelihood estimation: a case-control study in Fars Province, Iran

Objectives: The relationship between reproductive factors and breast cancer (BC) risk has been investigated in previous studies. Considering the discrepancies in the results, the aim of this study was to estimate the causal effect of reproductive factors on BC risk in a case-control study using the double robust approach of targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Methods: This is a causal reanalysis of a case-control study done between 2005 and 2008 in Shiraz, Iran, in which 787 confirmed BC cases and 928 controls were enrolled. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation along with super Learner were used to analyze the data, and risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD), andpopulation attributable fraction (PAF) were reported. Results: Our findings did not support parity and age at the first pregnancy as risk factors for BC. The risk of BC was higher among postmenopausal women (RR = 3.3, 95 confidence interval (CI) = (2.3, 4.6)), women with the age at first marriage �20 years (RR = 1.6, 95 CI = (1.3, 2.1)), and the history of oral contraceptive (OC) use (RR = 1.6, 95 CI = (1.3, 2.1)) or breastfeeding duration �60 months (RR = 1.8, 95 CI = (1.3, 2.5)). The PAF for menopause status, breastfeeding duration, and OC use were 40.3 (95 CI = 39.5, 40.6), 27.3 (95 CI = 23.1, 30.8) and 24.4 (95 CI = 10.5, 35.5), respectively. Conclusions: Postmenopausal women, and women with a higher age at first marriage, shorter duration of breastfeeding, and history of OC use are at the higher risk of BC. © 2021, The Author(s)

Assessment of the Feasibility of an Extended Range Helicopter Operational Standard for Offshore Flights

The accident rate of rotorcraft has improved signi1cantly over the years but at a slow pace, and in any case the number of accident per 2ight hours is one or two order on magnitude higher than that of commercial aircraft. This could be reasonably related to the inherent higher risk associate with rotorcraft operations. This represent a strong evidence of the necessity to introduce airworthiness operation standards also in the rotorcraft community, as an effective mean to improve safety records, borrowing the experience done in the commercial air transport community with the introduction of ETOPS. In this paper a 1rst proposal of development of a safety standard for helicopter offshore operation is discussed together with the possible support to this development that could be given by the EU H2020 NITROS project

Assessment of the feasibility of an extended range helicopter operational standard for offshore flights

The accident rate of rotorcraft has improved significantly over the years but at a slow pace, and in any case the number of accident per flight hours is one or two order on magnitude higher than that of commercial aircraft. This could be reasonably related to the inherent higher risk associate with rotorcraft operations. This represent a strong evidence of the necessity to introduce airworthiness operation standards also in the rotorcraft community, as an effective mean to improve safety records, borrowing the experience done in the commercial air transport community with the introduction of ETOPS. In this paper a first proposal of development of a safety standard for helicopter offshore operation is discussed together with the possible support to this development that could be given by the EU H2020 NITROS project. Copyright Statement The authors confirm that they, and/or their company or organization, hold copyright on all of the original material included in this paper. The authors also confirm that they have obtained permission, from the copyright holder of any third party material included in this paper, to publish it as part of their paper. The authors confirm that they give permission, or have obtained permission from the copyright holder of this paper, for the publication and distribution of this paper as part of the ERF proceedings or as individual offprints from the proceedings and for inclusion in a freely accessible web-based repository

Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID-19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern

Background: Emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major healthcare threat. Apparently, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is armed by special abilities to spread and dysregulate the immune mechanisms. The likelihood of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) development in COVID-19 patients with a list of attributable risk factors for oral infections has not yet been investigated. Objectives: We here aim to investigate the prevalence, causative agents and antifungal susceptibility pattern of OPC in Iranian COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: A total of 53 hospitalised COVID-19 patients with OPC were studied. Relevant clinical data were mined. Strain identification was performed by 21-plex PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). Antifungal susceptibility testing to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin was performed according to the CLSI broth dilution method. Results: In 53 COVID-19 patients with OPC, cardiovascular diseases (52.83) and diabetes (37.7) were the principal underlying conditions. The most common risk factor was lymphopaenia (71). In total, 65 Candida isolates causing OPC were recovered. C albicans (70.7) was the most common, followed by C glabrata (10.7), C dubliniensis (9.2), C parapsilosis sensu stricto (4.6), C tropicalis (3) and Pichia kudriavzevii (=C krusei, 1.5). Majority of the Candida isolates were susceptible to all three classes of antifungal drugs. Conclusion: Our data clarified some concerns regarding the occurrence of OPC in Iranian COVID-19 patients. Further studies should be conducted to design an appropriate prophylaxis programme and improve management of OPC in critically ill COVID-19 patients. © 2020 Blackwell Verlag Gmb

Predictors of sun protection behaviours and sunburn among Australian adolescents

BACKGROUND: Excessive sun exposure and sunburn increase individuals' risk of skin cancer. It is especially important to prevent sunburn in childhood due to the higher relative risk of skin cancer across the life span compared to risk associated with sunburn episodes experienced later in life. This study examined demographic and attitudinal factors associated with engagement in a range of sun protection behaviours (wearing a hat, wearing protective clothing, staying in the shade, and staying indoors during the middle of the day) and the frequency of sunburn among Western Australian adolescents to provide insights of relevance for future sun protection campaigns. METHODS: Cross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted annually with Western Australians between 2005/06 and 2014/15. The results from 4150 adolescents aged 14-17 years were used to conduct a path analysis of factors predicting various sun protection behaviours and sunburn. RESULTS: Significant primary predictors of the sun protection behaviours included in the study were skin type (sun sensitivity), gender, tanning-related attitudes and behaviours, and perceived relevance of public service advertisements that advocate sun protection. Of the four sun protection behaviours investigated, staying in the shade and staying indoors during the middle of the day were associated with a lower frequency of sunburn. CONCLUSION: There is a particular need to target sun protection messages at adolescent males who are less likely to engage in the most effective sun protection behaviours and demonstrate an increased propensity to experience sunburn. The results suggest that such future sun protection messages should include a focus on the importance of staying in the shade or indoors during periods of high UV radiation to increase awareness of the efficacy of these methods of avoiding skin cancer

Safety and effectiveness of high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19: a randomized open-label clinical trial

Background: Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient that functions as a key antioxidant and has been proven to be effective for boosting immunity. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of adding high-dose intravenous vitamin C (HDIVC) to the regimens for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Methods: An open-label, randomized, and controlled trial was conducted on patients with severe COVID-19 infection. The case and control treatment groups each consisted of 30 patients. The control group received lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine and the case group received HDIVC (6 g daily) added to the same regimen. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between two groups with respect to age and gender, laboratory results, and underlying diseases. The mean body temperature was significantly lower in the case group on the 3rd day of hospitalization (p = 0.001). Peripheral capillary oxygen saturations (SpO2) measured at the 3rd day of hospitalization was also higher in the case group receiving HDIVC (p = 0.014). The median length of hospitalization in the case group was significantly longer than the control group (8.5 days vs. 6.5 days) (p = 0.028). There was no significant difference in SpO2 levels at discharge time, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and mortality between the two groups. Conclusions: We did not find significantly better outcomes in the group who were treated with HDIVC in addition to the main treatment regimen at discharge. Trial registration irct.ir (IRCT20200411047025N1), April 14, 2020 © 2021, The Author(s)

A Mammalian Conserved Element Derived from SINE Displays Enhancer Properties Recapitulating Satb2 Expression in Early-Born Callosal Projection Neurons

Short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) are highly repeated sequences that account for a significant proportion of many eukaryotic genomes and are usually considered “junk DNA”. However, we previously discovered that many AmnSINE1 loci are evolutionarily conserved across mammalian genomes, suggesting that they may have acquired significant functions involved in controlling mammalian-specific traits. Notably, we identified the AS021 SINE locus, located 390 kbp upstream of Satb2. Using transgenic mice, we showed that this SINE displays specific enhancer activity in the developing cerebral cortex. The transcription factor Satb2 is expressed by cortical neurons extending axons through the corpus callosum and is a determinant of callosal versus subcortical projection. Mouse mutants reveal a crucial function for Sabt2 in corpus callosum formation. In this study, we compared the enhancer activity of the AS021 locus with Satb2 expression during telencephalic development in the mouse. First, we showed that the AS021 enhancer is specifically activated in early-born Satb2+ neurons. Second, we demonstrated that the activity of the AS021 enhancer recapitulates the expression of Satb2 at later embryonic and postnatal stages in deep-layer but not superficial-layer neurons, suggesting the possibility that the expression of Satb2 in these two subpopulations of cortical neurons is under genetically distinct transcriptional control. Third, we showed that the AS021 enhancer is activated in neurons projecting through the corpus callosum, as described for Satb2+ neurons. Notably, AS021 drives specific expression in axons crossing through the ventral (TAG1−/NPY+) portion of the corpus callosum, confirming that it is active in a subpopulation of callosal neurons. These data suggest that exaptation of the AS021 SINE locus might be involved in enhancement of Satb2 expression, leading to the establishment of interhemispheric communication via the corpus callosum, a eutherian-specific brain structure