Prévention des gangs de rue à Montréal : autour d’un projet de médiation urbaine

Le présent article analyse le processus de relance d’un projet de médiation urbaine destiné spécifiquement aux jeunes Noirs du quartier de la Petite-Bourgogne à Montréal. Ce projet nommé BUMP (Burgundy Urban Mediation Project) s’inscrit dans les orientations définies au Québec en matière de prévention des gangs de rue et qui font appel à la concertation des partenaires sociaux à l’intérieur du quartier. L’analyse du processus a mis en lumière les conditions particulières du quartier et des modèles organisationnels des réseaux sociaux. Notre étude dégage les termes de la transaction sociale survenue entre les partenaires sociaux et les représentants des organismes de la communauté noire pour qu’un tel projet de médiation urbaine puisse être relancé. Elle s’intéresse aux obstacles et aux facteurs favorables à une telle démarche participative et partenariale. Elle conclut sur le rôle des représentants des communautés marginalisées dans les instances de concertation de quartier.In this paper, we analyse the revival process of an urban mediation project intended specifically at Black youth living in Montréal’s Little Burgundy neighbourhood. The project known as BUMP (Burgundy Urban Mediation Project) is consistent with wider Québec tendencies that seek to facilitate a dialogue between social partners. The analysis of this process shows the conditions under which the neighbourhood is evolving and the emerging organizational models of social networks. The aim of our study is to consider the way social transactions take place between social partners and representatives of Black community organizations in order that urban mediation projects can be revived. Obstacles and opportunities for fostering such a participatory and partnership initiative are identified. The study concludes with a discussion on the position held and the role played by representatives of disenfranchised communities taking part in local cooperative bodies.El presente artículo analiza el proceso de relanzamiento de un proyecto de mediación urbana orientado a jóvenes negros del barrio La Petite-Bourgogne de Montreal. Denominado BUMP (Burgundy Urban Mediation Project), el proyecto sigue las orientaciones generales del gobierno de la provincia de Quebec en materia de prevención del pandillaje basadas en la concertación entre diferentes actores sociales del propio barrio. El análisis de este proceso de relanzamiento pone de manifiesto las condiciones específicas del barrio y los modelos organizativos de sus redes sociales. El estudio analiza por otra parte la forma en que se efectuaron las transacciones sociales entre los diversos actores sociales y los representantes de organizaciones de la comunidad negra y que permitieron relanzar este proyecto de mediación urbana. Se analizan también los obstáculos y los factores que favorecieron dicha iniciativa de colaboración entre los participantes. El estudio concluye con una discusión sobre las posiciones de los representantes de las comunidades marginadas y su papel en las organizaciones de cooperación locales

Transitions autonomes entre les vols non stationnaire et stationnaire d'un véhicule aérien miniature à ailes fixes

Les véhicules aériens miniatures à ailes fixes (MiniAV) sont de petits avions avec une envergure d'ailes de moins de 1000 mm et pesant moins de 500 grammes. Grâce aux avancées qui ont été réalisées ces dernières années dans la miniaturisation des autopilotes et dans la propulsion électrique, il est maintenant possible de construire des MiniAVs qui peuvent être utilisés à des fins de reconnaissance en milieu restreint ou hostile. Pour réaliser cet objectif, le MiniAV doit être capable d'effectuer, de façon semi-autonome, des vols non stationnaires et stationnaires et être capable de réaliser des transitions autonomes entre ces modes. Ce mémoire décrit le développement d'une stratégie de contrôle pour permettre à un MiniAV de réaliser des transitions autonomes entre les modes de vol non stationnaire et stationnaire. Il est possible de diviser l'enveloppe de vol d'un MiniAV en 4 modes distincts : le mode non stationnaire, le mode non stationnaire vers stationnaire (L2H), le mode stationnaire et le mode stationnaire vers non stationnaire (H2L). Les structures des modèles pour les modes non stationnaires et stationnaires sont basées sur la linéarisation d'un modèle de MiniAV à corps rigide ayant 6 degrés de liberté. Les contrôleurs de ces deux principaux modes de vol sont présentés. Le mode L2H est gérée par le contrôleur du mode non stationnaire, tandis que le mode H2L est géré par le contrôleur du mode stationnaire. Une approche systématique, appuyée par un superviseur basé sur la logique, est développée pour gérer les transitions entre les modes. La performance du superviseur est démontrée à travers des vols expérimentaux sur un banc de test. Il est montré que la stratégie proposée est capable de mieux performer que les méthodes rencontrées dans la littérature utilisant des plateformes similaires

Les pratiques bientraitantes des préposés aux bénéficiaires en milieu d’hébergement québécois : une réflexion sur l’éthique du care

Cette étude met en évidence l'implication des préposés aux bénéficiaires dans l'avènement de la bientraitance en milieu d'hébergement québécois. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une plus vaste étude issue d'une Action concertée entre le Secrétariat aux aînés du ministère de la Famille (Famille-SA), le ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) et le Fonds de recherche du Québec-Société et culture (FRQSC). Cette plus vaste étude, qui vise à mettre en valeur les pratiques de bientraitance en milieux d'hébergement, s'arrime aux mesures 6, 8 et 50 prévues par le Plan d'action gouvernemental pour contrer la maltraitance envers les personnes ainées (PAM) 2017-2022. Privilégiant une approche qualitative pour notre étude, des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées auprès de dix préposés aux bénéficiaires ont permis d'énoncer que, lorsqu'il est question de bientraitance, une attention particulière doit être portée aux relations interpersonnelles, aux savoir-être et aux savoir-faire. La bientraitance apparaît à la fois comme une disposition et une pratique qui s'appuie sur la capacité de "prendre soin" et l'adaptabilité. Si les participantes ont tendance à se responsabiliser et à individualiser cette notion, les résultats démontrent que le contexte culturel, qu'il soit organisationnel ou sociopolitique, influence considérablement la capacité à mettre en œuvre la bientraitance. Les préposés aux bénéficiaires disposeraient de savoirs suffisants, pourtant elles parviendraient difficilement à les mettre à profit en raison de leurs structures de travail. Selon la perspective théorique de l'éthique du care, la présence d'obstacles culturels, occasionnée par un manque de considération pour l'ensemble des métiers du "prendre soin", limiterait considérablement leurs pratiques. La recherche se conclue sur l'importance de mettre en valeur les métiers du care et réitère la nécessité pour le travailleur social d'encourager un vison "buttom-up" lors des prises de décisions portant sur la qualité de vie des personnes ainées hébergées.This study highlights the involvement of beneficiaries' agents in the advent of good care practices in Quebec's nursing home. It is part of a larger study resulting from a concerted action between the Seniors Secretariat of the Ministry of Family (Famille-SA), the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MSSS) and the Fonds de recherche du Québec - Société et culture [Fund of Quebec-Society and Culture Research] (FRQSC). This larger study, which aims to highlight good care practices in nursing homes, ties in with measures 6, 8 and 50 of the Government Action Plan to Counter Elder Mistreatment (PAM) 2017-2022. Favoring a qualitative approach for our study, semi-directed individual interviews with ten beneficiaries' agents made it possible to state that when it comes to good care practices, special attention must be paid to interpersonal relations, interpersonal skills, and attitudes. Good care appears to be both a disposition and a practice that relies on the ability to "take care" and adaptability. If the participants tend to take responsibility for themselves and to individualize this notion, the results show that the cultural context, whether organizational or socio-political, considerably influences the level of treatment. The beneficiaries' agents would have sufficient knowledge, yet they would find it difficult to put this knowledge to good use because of their work structures. According to the theoretical perspective of the ethics of care, the presence of cultural obstacles, caused by a lack of consideration for all the "caring" professions, would considerably limit their practices. The research concludes on the importance of highlighting the care professions and reiterates the need for the social worker to encourage a "ground-up" vision when making decisions about the quality of life of elderly people in assisted accommodations

(+)-SJ733, a clinical candidate for malaria that acts through ATP4 to induce rapid host-mediated clearance of Plasmodium

Drug discovery for malaria has been transformed in the last 5 years by the discovery of many new lead compounds identified by phenotypic screening. The process of developing these compounds as drug leads and studying the cellular responses they induce i

Effect of field exposure to 38-year-old residual petroleum hydrocarbons on growth, condition index, and filtration rate of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Environmental Pollution 154 (2008): 312-319, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.008.In September 1969, the Florida barge spilled 700,000 L of No. 2 fuel oil into the salt marsh sediments of Wild Harbor, MA. Today a substantial amount, approximately 100 kg, of moderately degraded petroleum remains within the sediment and along eroding creek banks. The ribbed mussels, Geukensia demissa, which inhabit the salt marsh creek bank, are exposed to the spilled oil. Examination of short-term exposure was done with transplantation of G. demissa from a control site, Great Sippewissett marsh, into Wild Harbor. We examined the effects of long-term exposure with transplantation of mussels from Wild Harbor into Great Sippewissett. Both the short- and long-term exposure transplants exhibited slower growth rates, shorter mean shell lengths, lower condition indices, and decreased filtration rates. Our results add new knowledge about long-term consequences of spilled oil, a dimension that should be included when assessing oil-impacted areas and developing management plans designed to restore, rehabilitate, or replace impacted areas.This work is the result of research sponsored by NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under Grant No. NA16RG2273, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. R/P-73. Additional support was provided by funding from the NSF-funded Research Experience for Undergraduates program, award 0453292, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award (N00014-04-01-0029) to C. Reddy

Decreased thermal tolerance under recurrent heat stress conditions explains summer mass mortality of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

Extreme events such as heat waves have increased in frequency and duration over the last decades. Under future climate scenarios, these discrete climatic events are expected to become even more recurrent and severe. Heat waves are particularly important on rocky intertidal shores, one of the most thermally variable and stressful habitats on the planet. Intertidal mussels, such as the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, are ecosystem engineers of global ecological and economic importance, that occasionally suffer mass mortalities. This study investigates the potential causes and consequences of a mass mortality event of M. edulis that occurred along the French coast of the eastern English Channel in summer 2018. We used an integrative, climatological and ecophysiological methodology based on three complementary approaches. We first showed that the observed mass mortality (representing 49 to 59% of the annual commercial value of local recreational and professional fisheries combined) occurred under relatively moderate heat wave conditions. This result indicates that M. edulis body temperature is controlled by non-climatic heat sources instead of climatic heat sources, as previously reported for intertidal gastropods. Using biomimetic loggers (i.e. 'robomussels'), we identified four periods of 5 to 6 consecutive days when M. edulis body temperatures consistently reached more than 30 °C, and occasionally more than 35 °C and even more than 40 °C. We subsequently reproduced these body temperature patterns in the laboratory to infer M. edulis thermal tolerance under conditions of repeated heat stress. We found that thermal tolerance consistently decreased with the number of successive daily exposures. These results are discussed in the context of an era of global change where heat events are expected to increase in intensity and frequency, especially in the eastern English Channel where the low frequency of commercially exploitable mussels already questions both their ecological and commercial sustainability.Funding Agency French Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche Region Hauts-de-France European Funds for Regional Economical Development Pierre Hubert Curien PESSOA Felloswhip Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT-MEC, Portugal) IF/01413/2014/CP1217/CT0004 National Research Foundation - South Africa 64801 South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) of the Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation - South Africainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Keratin 8/18 Regulation of Cell Stiffness-Extracellular Matrix Interplay through Modulation of Rho-Mediated Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics

Cell mechanical activity generated from the interplay between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the actin cytoskeleton is essential for the regulation of cell adhesion, spreading and migration during normal and cancer development. Keratins are the intermediate filament (IF) proteins of epithelial cells, expressed as pairs in a lineage/differentiation manner. Hepatic epithelial cell IFs are made solely of keratins 8/18 (K8/K18), hallmarks of all simple epithelia. Notably, our recent work on these epithelial cells has revealed a key regulatory function for K8/K18 IFs in adhesion/migration, through modulation of integrin interactions with ECM, actin adaptors and signaling molecules at focal adhesions. Here, using K8-knockdown rat H4 hepatoma cells and their K8/K18-containing counterparts seeded on fibronectin-coated substrata of different rigidities, we show that the K8/K18 IF-lacking cells lose their ability to spread and exhibit an altered actin fiber organization, upon seeding on a low-rigidity substratum. We also demonstrate a concomitant reduction in local cell stiffness at focal adhesions generated by fibronectin-coated microbeads attached to the dorsal cell surface. In addition, we find that this K8/K18 IF modulation of cell stiffness and actin fiber organization occurs through RhoA-ROCK signaling. Together, the results uncover a K8/K18 IF contribution to the cell stiffness-ECM rigidity interplay through a modulation of Rho-dependent actin organization and dynamics in simple epithelial cells

Elevated Seawater Temperatures Decrease Microbial Diversity in the Gut of Mytilus coruscus

The gut microbial community is critical for the host immune system, and in recent years, it has been extensively studied in vertebrates using 'omic' technologies. In contrast, knowledge about how the interactions between water temperature and diet affect the gut microbiota of marine invertebrates that do not thermoregulate is much less studied. In the present study, the effect of elevated seawater temperature and diet (Isochrysis zhanjiangensis and Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis) on the gut microbial community of the commercial mussel, Mytilus coruscus, was investigated. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the microbial community in M. coruscus gut. The mortality of M. coruscus exposed to a high water temperature (31 degrees C) increased after 3 days and the diversity of the bacterial community in the gut of live M. coruscus was significantly reduced. For example, the abundance of Bacteroides (Bacteroidetes) and norank_Marinilabiaceae (Bacteroidetes) increased in the gut of M. coruscus fed I. zhanjiangensis. In M. coruscus fed P. helgolandica, the abundance of Arcobacter (Proteobacteria) and norank_Marinilabiaceae increased and the abundance of unclassified_Flavobacteriaceae (Bacteroidetes) decreased. The results obtained in the present study suggest that high temperatures favored the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria, including Bacteroides and Arcobacter, which may increase host susceptibility to disease. Microbial community composition of the gut in live M. coruscus was not impacted by the microalgal diet but it was modified in the group of mussels that died. The present study provides insight into the potential effects on the gut microbiome and mussel-bacteria interactions of rising seawater temperatures.Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2016YFE0131900]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [41476131]; Peak Discipline Program for Fisheries from the Shanghai Municipal Governmen