4 research outputs found

    SOFC power plant with circulating fluidized bed gasifier

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    Coal is used all over the world to meet the energy needs of industry and housing and communal services. The main requirements of coal using are environmental safety and efficiency. Increasing these parameters can be realized with the combination of a gasifier and fuel cells. The paper includes a variant of the thermal scheme of the power plant, which uses coal as a fuel, with its further gasification and conversion into electrical energy in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. The developed scheme differs from traditional circuits by using a gasifier with an inhibited circulating fluidized bed (ICFB). In addition, the anode-off gases are used in the combustion chamber of the gasifier to maintain endothermic gasification reactions. This technologies combination allows increasing the energy system efficiency. The paper also includes the results of tests of an ICFB gasifier and analyze the available electrical power of the SOFC stacks. Analysis dependence EMF from the produced generator gas composition showed no significant effect on the available power of the electrochemical generator. Developed scheme allow excluding from the process the gas cleaning from tar after gasifier, which allowed to increase the efficiency and reduce the metal capacity of the developed equipment

    Solid oxide fuel cells power unit reformer/burner/heat-exchanger module experimental study

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    The article contains the installation description, experimental procedure, and results for the catalytic partial oxidation reformer/catalyst burner/heat-exchanger module. Mathematical modeling for all major blocks temperatures dependence on the reformer air supply ratio was carried out. In the air supply ratio range under study the model was verified using experimental data. The model was further practically used for the solid oxide fuel cells power unit automatic control modes development. The partial oxidation reforming solid oxide fuel cells power unit characteristics were evaluated

    Fluidized bed furnace for roasting zinc concentrates as a control object

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    ΠΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдования обусловлСна Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ использования Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° - дорогостоящий процСсс, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· этапов ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ являСтся ΠΎΠ±ΠΆΠΈΠ³ ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² (ΡˆΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Ρ‹) Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈ кипящСго слоя с использованиСм Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кислородом. ΠŸΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ грануломСтричСский состав ΡˆΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Ρ‹, Π΅Π΅ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ состав нСпостоянны, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° кипящСго слоя ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ контроля со стороны ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. ΠžΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ масса слоя опрСдСляСт Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ слоя, поэтому Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ использованиС систСмы автоматичСского рСгулирования. ЦСль исслСдования: оптимизация Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈ кипящСго слоя для ΠΎΠ±ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², Π² частности, Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ автоматичСского рСгулирования Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ кипящСго слоя Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ колСбания Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Π² ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ…. Π—Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ слоя ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΡƒΡ…ΡƒΠ΄ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΎΠ±ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ слСдствиС, ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π° - Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ сущСствСнно возрастаСт ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ шлакования слоя ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π³Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ². Для этого Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° основС ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ окислСния Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈ кипящСго слоя ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ слоя ΠΎΡ‚ расхода ΡˆΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ расчСтным, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ. ΠžΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚: ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΡŒ кипящСго слоя ЧСлябинского Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° для ΠΎΠ±ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ расчСтной зависимости Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ кипящСго слоя ΠΎΡ‚ расхода ΡˆΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° основС ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ окислСния Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°; ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСнСния Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ слоя ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ расхода ΡˆΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π° матСматичСская модСль ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… процСссов Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈ кипящСго слоя для ΠΎΠ±ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ слоя ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ… вСщСств Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ расхода Π·Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΡŒ ΡˆΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Ρ‹. БопоставлСниС расчСтов с ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². На основании ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… создана приблиТСнная модСль ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈ кипящСго слоя Π² ПВК Β«ΠžΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡΒ» ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ рСгулятора Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ кипящСго слоя. Π’Π½Π΅Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ПАО Β«Π§Π¦Π—Β» рСгулятора Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ Π±Π΅Π· участия ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ кипящСго слоя, постоянство Π³ΠΎΡ€ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π² слоС, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π³ ΡˆΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ шлакования слоя.The relevance of the researchis caused by continuous increase in using zinc in the world. Obtaining of zinc is an expensive process, one of the stages of which is roasting of sulfide zinc concentrates (charge) in a fluidized bed furnace using air blast enriched with oxygen. Since the granulometric composition of the charge, its moisture content and composition are variable, the temperature of the fluidized bed can vary and requires continuous monitoring by the operator. A huge mass of material determines the large bed inertia, therefore, it is necessary to use an automatic control system. The main aim of the research is to optimize the operation of the fluidized bed furnace for roasting sulphide zinc concentrates, in particular, to introduce automatic control of the fluidized bed temperature in order to avoid temperature fluctuations over a wide range. A significant decrease of the bed temperature leads to degradation of the concentrate roasting, as a consequence, the yield of the final product (zinc) decreases. As the temperature rises, the danger of bed slagging increases substantially due to the possible local overheating. To do this, it is necessary to obtain the dependence of the bed temperature on the charge rate, both by calculation and experimentally, on the basis of the studied kinetics of zinc concentrate oxidation in the fluidized bed furnace. Object of researchis the fluidized bed furnace of the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant for roasting sulphide zinc concentrate. Methods: obtaining the calculated dependence of the fluidized bed temperature on the charge rate based on the studied kinetics of zinc concentrate oxidation; an experimental study of the dynamics of the change in the bed temperature with a change in the charge rate. Results. The authors have developed the mathematical model of the transient processes in the fluidized bed furnace for calcining zinc concentrates, which makes it possible to calculate the change in the bed temperature and the combustible substances concentration in it with a change in the charge rate. Comparison of the calculations with the experimental data showed good convergence of the results. On the basis of the obtained data, an approximate model of the fluidized bed furnace in the Ovatsiya PTA and an algorithm of the fluidized bed temperature regulator were developed. The introduction of a temperature regulator at the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant will enable automatically maintain the specified fluidized bed temperature, the constancy of the combustible in the bed, eliminate undesirable charges, and reduce the danger of slagging the layer

    The functional neuroanatomy of dystonia

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