Parents'Willingness and Perception of Children's Autonomy as Predictors of Greater Independent Mobility to School

The present study aimed to examine the factors associated with different forms of independent mobility (IM) to school (IM one way and IM both ways) according to their parents' opinions. To do so, several variables were evaluated: how parents assess their children's autonomy, the difficulty they perceive for IM to school, reasons for IM/no IM to school, parents' willingness for IM to school, frequency of children's IM for leisure activities, children having house keys and dangers perceived in the neighborhood. Family-related socio-demographic variables were also assessed: number of children, position occupied by them in the family, family composition, living with both parents or just one, and each parent's nationality, level of education and job status. This study examined the data collected from 1450 parents (mothers and fathers) with children studying Primary Education years 4, 5 and 6 (M age = 10.53, SD = 0.90). The results showed that 42.3% of the schoolchildren did not practice IM to school, 18.1% practiced IM one way (they went to or from school alone), and 39.5% practiced IM both way (they went to/from school alone). These findings underline the importance of parents' willingness for IM to school, and how the balance between how they perceive their children's autonomy and difficulty for IM is relevant for greater IM to school. Keywords: Independent mobility, parents, willingness, perception of autonomy, difficulty

Departamento Rosario Vera Peñaloza: un camino de organización y articulación popular

EEA La RiojaFil: Llorente, Gonzalo. Cáritas; ArgentinaFil: Moyano, María Ester. Asociación Kölping Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Mena, Ramiro. Asociación de Emprendedores Chepes La Rioja (A.E.Che.La.R.); ArgentinaFil: Mendez, Carla Rebeca. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja. Agencia de Extensión Rural Chepes; Argentin

Análisis sobre prácticas de farmacología con animales de laboratorio: una mirada desde los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina

Introduction: The subject Pharmacology in the Pharmacy program is theoretical and practical, lasts a semester, and is taught in the fourth year. Practical development involves six practical laboratory sessions (tpl) and four workshops. Three tpl are for in vivo animal experiments, two for computer programs and one for in vitro techniques, allowing students to evaluate the effect of drugs through experimentation, oriented towards biological and biomedical research, and to recognize pharmacological efficacy for the treatment of diseases. Our objective was to conduct a survey to obtain a guidance instrument that allows to increase teaching quality and to know perceptions and preferences about the practices concerned. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out and concluded in the first four-month period of the academic year 2015. Results: 90.48% reported that animal practices were useful for training, and two-thirds considered it necessary to implement alternatives to the use of animals in their education and training. 85.71% preferred in vivo experiments, 9.52% in vitro observations and 4.76% computer programs. 90.48% responded that they would work with laboratory animals again. Conclusions: We believe that it is appropriate to work with animals in this subject; it is important to consider this practical experience in pharmacology. Students expressed their interest in knowing and interpreting the effects and mechanisms of action of drugs through in vivo observations or organs manipulated by them.Introducción: la asignatura Farmacología en Farmacia es de carácter teórico-práctico, dura un cuatrimestre y se imparte en el cuarto año. El desarrollo práctico involucra seis trabajos prácticos de laboratorio (tpl) y cuatro talleres. En tres tpl se realiza experimentación in vivo con animales, en otros dos se trabaja con programas computacionales, y en el restante técnicas in vitro, permitiendo al estudiante valorar el efecto de los fármacos mediante la experimentación, orientado a la investigación biológica y biomédica, además de reconocer la eficacia farmacológica para el tratamiento de enfermedades. Nuestro objetivo fue promover una encuesta para obtener un instrumento orientativo que permita aumentar la calidad de la enseñanza y conocer las percepciones y preferencias sobre las prácticas en cuestión. Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo, concluido el primer cuatrimestre académico del ciclo lectivo 2015. Resultados: el 90,48 % aludió que las prácticas con animales resultaron útiles para su formación, y las dos terceras partes consideró necesario implementar alternativas al uso de animales en aspectos relacionados a su educación y formación. El 85,71 % prefirió las observaciones in vivo; 9,52 % las in vitro y 4,76% los programas computacionales. 90,48 % respondió que volvería a trabajar con animales de laboratorio. Conclusiones: creemos que es pertinente trabajar con animales en esta asignatura, es importante pensar en esta experiencia práctica en la farmacología. Los estudiantes manifiestan su interés por conocer e interpretar los efectos y mecanismos de acción de los fármacos mediante observaciones in vivo o de órganos manipulados por ellos mismos

Principales indicadores bibliométricos de la actividad científica peruana. 2012-2017

La actividad científica, como uno de los principales motores de desarrollo económico, implica la participación de diversos sectores e instituciones. Para ello, el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CONCYTEC), como institución rectora del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (SINACYT), desarrolla diversas actividades orientadas no solo a generar las condiciones necesarias para el desarrollo de la investigación, sino también para su promoción, fomento y orientación. En este contexto, la elaboración de análisis sobre los resultados de investigación que se generan en el país es fundamental para la evaluación que hacen las diferentes instancias gubernamentales implicadas en el desarrollo de la política nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTeI) y en el planteamiento de estrategias que contribuyan a consolidar la actividad investigadora en el país.Por ello, el objetivo principal de este informe es caracterizar la investigación científica desarrollada en Perú, mediante la determinación del grado de visibilidad, colaboración, impacto, excelencia y liderazgo, que alcanzaron los investigadores peruanos, durante el sexenio de 2012-2017. Para lo cual, se usaron como fuente de datos bibliométricos Scopus de Elsevier y la metodología de SCImago Research Group.Peer reviewe

Estudios de prospectiva en educación. Diversidad, inclusión y aprendizaje

Fil: Ferreyra, Horacio Ademar. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Moreno, Elena Silvia. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; ArgentinaFil: Pellizón, Telma de Lourdes, Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; Argentin

Effect of dietary protein level and source on digestive proteolytic enzyme activity of juvenile Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup 1850

The effect of dietary protein level and protein source on growth and proteolytic activity of juvenile Solea senegalensis was studied. In Experiment 1, fish were fed on four experimental diets containing increased protein levels (36, 46, 56 and 67%). In Experiment 2, Senegalese soles were fed on five diets with partial substitution of fish meal by soybean meal, soybean protein concentrate, soybean protein isolate, wheat gluten meal or pea protein concentrate. Results prove that growth and proteolytic activity in the distal intestine of fish were affected by the quantitative increase in dietary protein. The origin of protein source used in the elaboration of experimental diets affected both the amount and composition of the alkaline proteases secreted into the intestinal lumen; however, it did not decrease animal growth. Juvenile Senegalese sole showed capability to modulate digestive protease secretion when the concentration and/or source of dietary protein were modified. Quantity and quality of dietary protein affected protein hydrolysis in Senegalese sole intestine. This study establishes that 30% fish meal protein can be replaced by soybean derivatives without affecting intestinal proteases. Replacement with wheat gluten meal or pea protein concentrate should be taken cautiously, but further research is needed to establish whether growth performance and digestive enzyme physiology of Senegalese sole are affected by plant protein-supplemented diets in a long-term trial.This work was supported by Projects INIA RTA-2007-00026-C02-01 and 02, and the European Regional Development Fund. Ana Rodiles Guerrero was financially supported by the grant "Technology in the Larval Rearing of New Species of Fish" (IFAPA, Andalusian Regional Government, Spain). The authors thank Jose I. Navas Triano, Sean Tibbetts, Joyce Milley, Toni Barros and Andres Monino for their technical assistance. The authors are grateful to Francisco Trujillo for the revision of the English language text. Part of experimental work was carried out at CEIA3 facilities.Rodiles, A.; Santigosa, E.; Herrera, M.; Hachero Cruzado, I.; Cordero, ML.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Lall, SP.... (2012). Effect of dietary protein level and source on digestive proteolytic enzyme activity of juvenile Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup 1850. Aquaculture International. 20(6):1053-1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-012-9508-6S10531070206Alarcón FJ, Díaz M, Moyano FJ, Abellán E (1998) Characterization and functional properties of digestive proteases in two sparids; gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and common dentex (Dentex dentex). Fish Physiol Biochem 19:257–267Alarcón FJ, García-Carreño FL, Navarrete del Toro MA (2001) Effect of plant protease inhibitors on digestive proteases in two fish species, Lutjanus argentiventris and L. novemfasciatus. 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Aquaculture 176:27–38Einarsson S, Davies PS, Talbot C (1997) Effect of exogenous cholecystokinin on the discharge of the gallbladder and the secretion of trypsin and chymotrypsin from the pancreas of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Comp Biochem Physiol C 117:63–67El-Saidy DMSD, Dabrowski K, Bai SC (2000) Nutritional effects of protein source in starter diets for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) in suboptimal water temperature. Aquac Res 31:885–892Escaffe A, Kaushik S, Mambrini M (2007) Morphometric evaluation of changes in the digestive tract of rainbow trout replacement with soy protein concentrate. Aquaculture 273:127–138Eusebio PS, Coloso RM (2002) Proteolytic enzyme activity of juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcifer (Bloch), is increased with protein intake. Aquac Res 33:569–574Francis G, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2001) Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199:197–227Garcia-Carreño FL, Dimes LE, Haard NF (1993) Substrate gel-electrophoresis for composition and molecular-weight of proteinases of proteinaceous proteinase-inhibitors. Anal Biochem 214:65–69Gatlin DBIII, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gaylord TG, Hardy RW, Herman E, Hu G, Krogdahl Nelson R, Overturf K, Rust M, Sealey W, Skonberg D, Souza EJ, Stone D, Wilson R, Wurtele E (2007) Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquac Res 38:551–579Gatta PP, Parma L, Guarniero I, Mandrioli L, Sirri R, Fontanillas R, Bonaldo A (2010). Growth, feed utilization and liver histology of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) fed isoenergetic diets with increasing protein levels. Aquac Res 42:313–321González-Félix ML, Castillo-Yañez FJ, Ocaño-Higuera VM, Perez-Velazquez M, Cota-Moreno V, Lozano-Taylor J (2010) Effect of dietary protein source and time on alkaline proteolytic activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 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Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study

An accurate knowledge of the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is key for selecting appropriate antimicrobial treatments. Very few etiological studies assessed the appropriateness of empiric guideline recommendations at a multinational level. This study aims at the following: (i) describing the bacterial etiologic distribution of CAP and (ii) assessing the appropriateness of the empirical treatment recommendations by clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for CAP in light of the bacterial pathogens diagnosed as causative agents of CAP. Secondary analysis of the GLIMP, a point-prevalence international study which enrolled adults hospitalized with CAP in 2015. The analysis was limited to immunocompetent patients tested for bacterial CAP agents within 24 h of admission. The CAP CPGs evaluated included the following: the 2007 and 2019 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA), the European Respiratory Society (ERS), and selected country-specific CPGs. Among 2564 patients enrolled, 35.3% had an identifiable pathogen. Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.2%) was the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.4%). CPGs appropriately recommend covering more than 90% of all the potential pathogens causing CAP, with the exception of patients enrolled from Germany, Pakistan, and Croatia. The 2019 ATS/IDSA CPGs appropriately recommend covering 93.6% of the cases compared with 90.3% of the ERS CPGs (p < 0.01). S. pneumoniae remains the most common pathogen in patients hospitalized with CAP. Multinational CPG recommendations for patients with CAP seem to appropriately cover the most common pathogens and should be strongly encouraged for the management of CAP patients.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prevalence and risk factors for Enterobacteriaceae in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia

Background and objective Enterobacteriaceae (EB) spp. family is known to include potentially multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms, and remains as an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) associated with high mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and specific risk factors associated with EB and MDR-EB in a cohort of hospitalized adults with CAP. Methods We performed a multinational, point-prevalence study of adult patients hospitalized with CAP. MDR-EB was defined when >= 3 antimicrobial classes were identified as non-susceptible. Risk factors assessment was also performed for patients with EB and MDR-EB infection. Results Of the 3193 patients enrolled with CAP, 197 (6%) had a positive culture with EB. Fifty-one percent (n = 100) of EB were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 19% (n = 38) had MDR-EB. The most commonly EB identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 111, 56%) and Escherichia coli (n = 56, 28%). The risk factors that were independently associated with EB CAP were male gender, severe CAP, underweight (body mass index (BMI) < 18.5) and prior extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) infection. Additionally, prior ESBL infection, being underweight, cardiovascular diseases and hospitalization in the last 12 months were independently associated with MDR-EB CAP. Conclusion This study of adults hospitalized with CAP found a prevalence of EB of 6% and MDR-EB of 1.2%, respectively. The presence of specific risk factors, such as prior ESBL infection and being underweight, should raise the clinical suspicion for EB and MDR-EB in patients hospitalized with CAP

Microbiological testing of adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: an international study

This study aimed to describe real-life microbiological testing of adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to assess concordance with the 2007 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)/American Thoracic Society (ATS) and 2011 European Respiratory Society (ERS) CAP guidelines. This was a cohort study based on the Global Initiative for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia (GLIMP) database, which contains point-prevalence data on adults hospitalised with CAP across 54 countries during 2015. In total, 3702 patients were included. Testing was performed in 3217 patients, and included blood culture (71.1%), sputum culture (61.8%), Legionella urinary antigen test (30.1%), pneumococcal urinary antigen test (30.0%), viral testing (14.9%), acute-phase serology (8.8%), bronchoalveolar lavage culture (8.4%) and pleural fluid culture (3.2%). A pathogen was detected in 1173 (36.5%) patients. Testing attitudes varied significantly according to geography and disease severity. Testing was concordant with IDSA/ATS and ERS guidelines in 16.7% and 23.9% of patients, respectively. IDSA/ATS concordance was higher in Europe than in North America (21.5% versus 9.8%; p<0.01), while ERS concordance was higher in North America than in Europe (33.5% versus 19.5%; p<0.01). Testing practices of adults hospitalised with CAP varied significantly by geography and disease severity. There was a wide discordance between real-life testing practices and IDSA/ATS/ERS guideline recommendations

Prevalence and Etiology of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients

BACKGROUND: The correct management of immunocompromised patients with pneumonia is debated. We evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, and characteristics of immunocompromised patients coming from the community with pneumonia. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of an international, multicenter study enrolling adult patients coming from the community with pneumonia and hospitalized in 222 hospitals in 54 countries worldwide. Risk factors for immunocompromise included AIDS, aplastic anemia, asplenia, hematological cancer, chemotherapy, neutropenia, biological drug use, lung transplantation, chronic steroid use, and solid tumor. RESULTS: At least 1 risk factor for immunocompromise was recorded in 18% of the 3702 patients enrolled. The prevalences of risk factors significantly differed across continents and countries, with chronic steroid use (45%), hematological cancer (25%), and chemotherapy (22%) the most common. Among immunocompromised patients, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) pathogens were the most frequently identified, and prevalences did not differ from those in immunocompetent patients. Risk factors for immunocompromise were independently associated with neither Pseudomonas aeruginosa nor non-community-acquired bacteria. Specific risk factors were independently associated with fungal infections (odds ratio for AIDS and hematological cancer, 15.10 and 4.65, respectively; both P = .001), mycobacterial infections (AIDS; P = .006), and viral infections other than influenza (hematological cancer, 5.49; P &lt; .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings could be considered by clinicians in prescribing empiric antibiotic therapy for CAP in immunocompromised patients. Patients with AIDS and hematological cancer admitted with CAP may have higher prevalences of fungi, mycobacteria, and noninfluenza viruses