Anatomical pathways for auditory memory II: information from rostral superior temporal gyrus to dorsolateral temporal pole and medial temporal cortex

Auditory recognition memory in non-human primates differs from recognition memory in other sensory systems. Monkeys learn the rule for visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample within a few sessions, and then show one-trial recognition memory lasting 10–20 min. In contrast, monkeys require hundreds of sessions to master the rule for auditory recognition, and then show retention lasting no longer than 30–40 s. Moreover, unlike the severe effects of rhinal lesions on visual memory, such lesions have no effect on the monkeys' auditory memory performance. The anatomical pathways for auditory memory may differ from those in vision. Long-term visual recognition memory requires anatomical connections from the visual association area TE with areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex (PRC). We examined whether there is a similar anatomical route for auditory processing, or that poor auditory recognition memory may reflect the lack of such a pathway. Our hypothesis is that an auditory pathway for recognition memory originates in the higher order processing areas of the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG), and then connects via the dorsolateral temporal pole to access the rhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe. To test this, we placed retrograde (3% FB and 2% DY) and anterograde (10% BDA 10,000 mW) tracer injections in rSTG and the dorsolateral area 38DL of the temporal pole. Results showed that area 38DL receives dense projections from auditory association areas Ts1, TAa, TPO of the rSTG, from the rostral parabelt and, to a lesser extent, from areas Ts2-3 and PGa. In turn, area 38DL projects densely to area 35 of PRC, entorhinal cortex (EC), and to areas TH/TF of the posterior parahippocampal cortex. Significantly, this projection avoids most of area 36r/c of PRC. This anatomical arrangement may contribute to our understanding of the poor auditory memory of rhesus monkeys

Honey, trehalose and erythritol as sucrose-alternative sweeteners for artisanal ice cream. A pilot study

The use of sucrose-alternative sweeteners in ice cream production could satisfy requirements of modern consumers focused on natural and nutritionally balanced foods. The aim of this work was to fill the gap in basic knowledge about the effects of honey, trehalose, and erythritol on the properties of artisanal ice cream. A milk-based sucrose-sweetened ice cream was produced as reference sample (REF), using then the alternative sweeteners to partially (50%) or totally (100%) substitute sucrose. With respect to REF, honey-containing ice cream mix revealed a significantly lower value of soluble solids (30.4 \ub0Bx vs. 34.5 \ub0Bx) and apparent viscosity (36.5 mPa s vs. 47.6 mPa s) and a significantly higher extrusion time (8.18 min vs. 7.04 min). The total substitution of sucrose with trehalose and erythritol led to a melting rate (2.07 and 1.56 g/min, respectively) significantly lower than REF (2.75 g/min), a very high firmness (508 and 725 N vs. 4 N), and a higher extrusion temperature ( -7.1 and -5.3 \ub0C vs. -9.3 \ub0C). The results of this study represent a guideline for the successfully utilization of honey, trehalose, and erythritol in peculiar ice cream formulations (e.g. non-sweet or low-calorie products)

Sunflower oil organogels and natural sucrose alternatives: new ingredients for healthier artisanal ice creams

Food technologists are continuously looking for healthier ingredients with positive physiological effects in order to reformulate products traditionally rich in saturated fat and sugar. As regards ice creams, milk cream substitution with vegetable oils can reduce the intake of saturated fatty acids, which have been associated with higher levels of blood cholesterol and higher risks for coronary heart disease. As for sugar, erythritol and stevia have recently gained attention as natural sucrose alternatives, due to their zero calorie and glycaemic index. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the use of sunflower oil organogels (OG), stevia and erythritol as new ingredients for the development of healthier artisanal ice creams, able to satisfy dietary restrictions while maintaining good quality traits. In a first set of trials, ice creams containing 4 and 8% OG structured with 12% phytosterols were compared to traditional formulations made with 4 and 8% milk cream. Then, a second set of trials implied the preparation of an ice cream containing 4% OG, sweetened with 2.26% erythritol and 0.02% stevia instead of sucrose. All samples were produced in duplicate using a plant for artisanal ice cream. Milk cream substitution with OG gave good results, especially in terms of overrun and melting resistance. The combination of OG with erythritol and stevia allowed the production of an ice cream with physico-chemical features totally comparable to the traditional formulation, except for a higher instrumental firmness. In summary, the work demonstrated that OG, erythritol and stevia can be successfully exploited in the formulation of a low-calorie ice cream, enriched with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and natural antioxidants

Optimization of a low fat and high resistant starch biscuit formulation

The detrimental effects of food over-consumption are raising a growing concern worldwide, implying high sanitary and social costs. Dietary-correlated diseases are considered among the leading risk factors of mortality. In this context, the production of foods able to satisfy dietary restrictions while maintaining acceptable structural and sensory characteristics is still a great challenge for industries. In particular, the relationships amongst food processing, texture and nutritional characteristics are seldom considered. This work represents the first phase of a wider project aiming to investigate how different production technologies can be used in order to obtain low fat (LF) and low glycaemic index (LGI) biscuits with quality features comparable to those of the traditional counterparts and a better nutritional functionality. In particular, a Central Composite Design of Experiment (CCD) has been developed in order to optimize the LF-LGI biscuit formulation. The reduction (0-50%) of vegetable shortening and the substitution rate (0-80%) of wheat flour with a high amylose maize starch (source of resistant starch) have been considered as CCD factors. Thus, a total of 13 production trials have been planned, including four replicates of the central point. Rheological properties and density of the biscuit doughs were analysed. Biscuits were characterized in terms of proximate composition, resistant starch content, geometrical features, colour, milk absorption, and texture (by means of a three-point bending test). Response surface methodology and desirability function will be applied to the analytical data, in order to study the main effects and their interaction and to optimize the biscuit formulation. Results of this part of the wider project will increase the knowledge about the effects of fat reduction and resistant starch addition on biscuit quality characteristics. They will represent a reliable starting point for the subsequent study of the impact of production technology on structure and nutritional features of the product

Super-alarms with diagnosis proficiency used as an additional layer of protection applied to an oil transport system

In automated plants, particularly in the petrochemical, energy, and chemical industries, the combined management of all of the incidents that can produce a catastrophic accident is required. In order to do this, an alarm management methodology can be formulated as a discrete event sequence recognition problem, in which time patterns are used to identify the safe condition of the process, especially in the start-up and shutdown stages. In this paper, a new layer of protection (a Super-Alarm), based on the diagnostic stage to industrial processes is presented. The alarms and actions of the standard operating procedures are considered to be discrete events involved in sequences; the diagnostic stage corresponds to the recognition of the situation when these sequences occur. This provides operators with pertinent information about the normal or abnormal situations induced by the flow of the alarms. Chronicles Based Alarm Management (CBAM) is the methodology used in this document to build the chronicles that will permit us to generate the Super-Alarms; in addition, a case study of the petrochemical sector using CBAM is presented in order to build one chronicle that represents the scenario of an abnormal start-up of an oil transport system. Finally, the scenario’s validation for this case is performed, showing the way in which, a Super-Alarm is generated

AB0689 The importance of the sun. Vitamin D and spondyloarthritis: our experience in a third level hospital

[EN] Vitamin D plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, so that it has been shown that an adequate level is associated with a lower risk of developing this group of entities as well as a lower severity of them. Specifically, in spondyloarthritis (SpA) the deficiency has been associated with greater aggressiveness and greater radiological progression.S

Developing and Deploying Security Applications for In-Vehicle Networks

Radiological material transportation is primarily facilitated by heavy-duty on-road vehicles. Modern vehicles have dozens of electronic control units or ECUs, which are small, embedded computers that communicate with sensors and each other for vehicle functionality. ECUs use a standardized network architecture--Controller Area Network or CAN--which presents grave security concerns that have been exploited by researchers and hackers alike. For instance, ECUs can be impersonated by adversaries who have infiltrated an automotive CAN and disable or invoke unintended vehicle functions such as brakes, acceleration, or safety mechanisms. Further, the quality of security approaches varies wildly between manufacturers. Thus, research and development of after-market security solutions have grown remarkably in recent years. Many researchers are exploring deployable intrusion detection and prevention mechanisms using machine learning and data science techniques. However, there is a gap between developing security system algorithms and deploying prototype security appliances in-vehicle. In this paper, we, a research team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory working in this space, highlight challenges in the development pipeline, and provide techniques to standardize methodology and overcome technological hurdles.Comment: 10 pages, PATRAM 2

AB0690 Antiphospholipid antibodies and spondyloarthritis. Truth or myth? Our results in a third level hospital

[EN] The importance of antiphospholipid antibodies and their clinical involvement in thrombotic phenomena, isolated or associated with certain autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, is known. However, in spondyloarthritis (SpA) there is little published data about it.S

The influence of semantic and phonological factors on syntactic decisions: An event-related brain potential study

During language production and comprehension, information about a word's syntactic properties is sometimes needed. While the decision about the grammatical gender of a word requires access to syntactic knowledge, it has also been hypothesized that semantic (i.e., biological gender) or phonological information (i.e., sound regularities) may influence this decision. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured while native speakers of German processed written words that were or were not semantically and/or phonologically marked for gender. Behavioral and ERP results showed that participants were faster in making a gender decision when words were semantically and/or phonologically gender marked than when this was not the case, although the phonological effects were less clear. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that even though participants performed a grammatical gender decision, this task can be influenced by semantic and phonological factors

Production of fructo-oligosaccharides by Aspergillus ibericus and their chemical characterization

A great demand for prebiotics is driving the search for new sources of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) producers and for FOS with differentiated functionalities. In the present work, FOS production by a new isolated strain of Aspergillus ibericus was evaluated. The temperature of fermentation and initial pH were optimized in shaken flask to yield a maximal FOS production, through a central composite experimental design. FOS were produced in a one-step bioprocess using the whole cells of the microorganism. The model (R2 = 0.918) predicted a yield of 0.56, experimentally 0.53 ± 0.03 gFOS.ginitial sucrose1 was obtained (37.0 °C and a pH of 6.2). A yield of 0.64 ± 0.02 gFOS.ginitial sucrose1 was obtained in the bioreactor, at 38 h, with a content of 118 ± 4 g.L1 in FOS and a purity of 56 ± 3%. The chemical structure of the FOS produced by A. ibericus was determined by HPLC and NMR. FOS were identified as 1-kestose, nystose, and 1F-fructofuranosylnystose. In conclusion, A. ibericus was found to be a good alternative FOS producer.Clarisse Nobre acknowledges the Portuguese Foundation forScience and Technology (FCT) for her Post-Doc Grant [ref. SFRH/BPD/87498/ 2012] and the project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124FEDER-027462), the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684), BioTecNorte operation(NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) and the project MultiBiorefinery (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016403) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio